Out of sigma and Î bonds, which one is stronger and why?
sigma-bond is stronger. This is because sigma-bond is formed by head-on overlapping of atomic orbitals and Î bond is formed by side wise overlapping.
Elements X, Y and Z have 4, 5 and 7 valence electrons respectively, (i) Write the molecular formula of the compounds formed by these elements individually with hydrogen, (ii) Which of these compounds will have the highest dipole moment?
Which of the following statements are not correct?
(a) NaCl being an ionic compound is a good conductor of electricity in the solid state.
(b) In canonical structures there is a difference in the arrangement of atoms.
(c) Hybrid orbitals form stronger bonds than pure orbitals.
(d) VSEPR theory can explain the square planar geometry of XeF4.
Match the items given in Column I with examples given in Column II.
| Column I | Column II |
| (i) Hydrogen bond | (a) C |
| (ii) Resonance | (b) LiF |
| (iii) Ionic solid | (c) H2 |
| (iv) Covalent solid | (d) HF |
| (e) 03 |
Briefly describe the valence bond theory of covalent bond formation by taking an example of hydrogen. How can you interpret energy changes taking place in the formation of dihydrogen?
What is the effect of the following processes on the bond order in N-, and 02?
(i) N2 → N+2 + e– (ii) 02 → O+2 + e–
Match the shape of molecules in Column I with the type of hybridization in Column II.
| Column I | Column II |
| (i) Tetrahedral | (a) sp2 |
| (ii) Trigonal | (b) sp |
| (iii) Linear | (c) sp3 |
Arrange the following bonds ‘in order of increasing ionic character giving reason.
N-H, F-H, C-H and O-H
Match the species in Column I with the type of hybrid orbitals in Column II.
| Column I | Column II |
| (i) SF4 | (a) sp3cf |
| (ii) if5 | (b) d2sp3 |
| (iii) NO2+ | (c) sp3 d |
| (iv) NH4 | (d) sp3 |
| (e) sp |
Assertion (A): Though the central atom of both NH3 and H20 molecules are sp3 hybridised, yet H – N – H bond angle is greater than that of H – O – H.
Reason (R): This is because nitrogen atom has one lone pair and oxygen atom has two lone pairs.
(a) A and R both are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) A and R both are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A and R both are false.
3PO3 can be represented by structures 1 and 2 shown below. Can these two structures be taken as the canonical forms of the resonance hybrid representing H3PO3? If not, give reasons for the same.
Which hybrid orbitals are used by carbon atoms in the following molecules?
(a) CH3-CH3 (b) CH3-CH = CH2 (c) CH3-CH2-OH (d) CH3-CHO (e) CH3COOH.
In which of the following molecule/ion all the bonds are not equal?
(a) XeF4
(b) BF–4
(c) C2H4
(d) SiF4
Which of the following statements are correct about CO32- ?
(a) The hybridization of central atom is sp3.
(b) Its resonance structure has one C – O single bond and two C = O double bonds.
(c) The average formal charge on each oxygen atom is 0.67 units.
(d) All C – O bond lengths are equal.
Explain why CO2-3 ion cannot be represented by a single Lewis structure. How can it be best represented?
The skeletal structure of CH3COOH as shown below is correct, but some of the bonds are shown incorrectly. Write the correct Lewis structure for acetic acid.
Explain the diamagnetic behaviour of P2 molecule on the basis of molecular orbital theory.
Polarity in a molecule and hence the dipole moment depends primarily on electronegativity of the constituent atoms and shape of a molecule. Which of the following has the highest dipole moment?
(a) C02
(b) HI
(c) H20
(d) S02
In PO43- ion the formal charge on the oxygen atom of P – O bond is
(a) +1 (b) -1 (c) -0.75 (d) +0.75
Which molecule/ion out of the following does not contain unpaired electrons?
(a) N+2
(b) 02
(c) O22-
(d) B2
Assertion (A): Sodium chloride formed by the action of chlorine gas on sodium metal is a stable compound.
Reason (R): This is because sodium and chloride ions acquire octet in sodium chloride formation.
(a) A and R both are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) A and R both are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A and R both are false.
Assertion (A): Among the two O – H bonds in H20 molecule, the energy required to break the first O – H bond and other O – H bond is the same.
Reason (R): This is because the electronic environment around oxygen is the same even after breakage of one O – H bond.
(a) A and R both are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) A and R both are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A and R both are false.
Although geometries of NH3 and H20 molecules are distorted tetrahedral, bond angle in water is less than that of ammonia. Discuss.
Is there any change in the hybridisation ofB and N atoms as a result of the following reaction ? BF3 + NH3 ——-> F3 B.NH3
Draw diagrams showing the formation of a double bond and a triple bond between carbon atoms in C2 H4 and C2 H2 molecules.
Out of bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals, which one has lower energy and which one has higher stability?
Name the two conditions which must be satisfied for hydrogen bonding to take place in a molecule.
(a) Define dipole moment. What are the units of dipole moment?
(b) Dipole moment values help in predicting the shapes of covalent molecules. Explain.
Predict the shapes of the following molecules on the basis of hybridization. BC13, ch4, co2, nh3
What is meant by the term average bond enthalpy? Why there is difference in bond enthalpy of O – H bond in ethanol (C2H5OH) and water?
