The types of hybrid orbitals of nitrogen in N02, N03 and NH4 respectively are expected to be
(a) sp, sp3 and sp2
(b) sp, sp2 and sp3
(c) sp2, sp and sp3
(d) sp2, sp3 and sp
(b) The number of orbitals involved in hybridization can be determined by the application of formula:
where H = number of orbitals involved in hybridization
V= valence electrons of central atom
M= number of monovalent atoms linked with central atom
C = charge on the cation
A = charge on the anion
Elements X, Y and Z have 4, 5 and 7 valence electrons respectively, (i) Write the molecular formula of the compounds formed by these elements individually with hydrogen, (ii) Which of these compounds will have the highest dipole moment?
What is the effect of the following processes on the bond order in N-, and 02?
(i) N2 → N+2 + e– (ii) 02 → O+2 + e–
Briefly describe the valence bond theory of covalent bond formation by taking an example of hydrogen. How can you interpret energy changes taking place in the formation of dihydrogen?
Which of the following statements are not correct?
(a) NaCl being an ionic compound is a good conductor of electricity in the solid state.
(b) In canonical structures there is a difference in the arrangement of atoms.
(c) Hybrid orbitals form stronger bonds than pure orbitals.
(d) VSEPR theory can explain the square planar geometry of XeF4.
Match the items given in Column I with examples given in Column II.
| Column I | Column II |
| (i) Hydrogen bond | (a) C |
| (ii) Resonance | (b) LiF |
| (iii) Ionic solid | (c) H2 |
| (iv) Covalent solid | (d) HF |
| (e) 03 |
Is there any change in the hybridisation ofB and N atoms as a result of the following reaction ? BF3 + NH3 ——-> F3 B.NH3
Draw diagrams showing the formation of a double bond and a triple bond between carbon atoms in C2 H4 and C2 H2 molecules.
Write Lewis structure of the following compounds and show formal charge on each atom. HN03, No2, H2so4
Which of the following statements are correct about CO32- ?
(a) The hybridization of central atom is sp3.
(b) Its resonance structure has one C – O single bond and two C = O double bonds.
(c) The average formal charge on each oxygen atom is 0.67 units.
(d) All C – O bond lengths are equal.
(a) How many a and n bonds are present in
(b) Why Hf is more stable than H2?
(c) Why is B2 molecule paramagnetic?
Match the species in Column I with the bond order in Column II.
| Column I | , . Column II |
| (i) NO | (a) 1.5 |
| (ii) CO | (b) 2.0 |
| (iii) o–2 | (c) 2.5 |
| (iv) 02 | (d) 3.0 |
Predict the shapes of the following molecules on the basis of hybridization. BC13, ch4, co2, nh3
Explain why BeH2 molecule has a zero dipole moment although the Be—H bonds are polar.
Polarity in a molecule and hence the dipole moment depends primarily on electronegativity of the constituent atoms and shape of a molecule. Which of the following has the highest dipole moment?
(a) C02
(b) HI
(c) H20
(d) S02
Diamagnetic species are those which contain no unpaired electrons. Which among the following are diamagnetic?
(a) N2
(b) N22-
(c) 02
(d) o22-
What is an ionic bond? With two suitable examples explain the difference between an ionic and covalent bond?
Arrange the following bonds ‘in order of increasing ionic character giving reason.
N-H, F-H, C-H and O-H
What do you understand by bond pairs and lone pairs of electrons? Illustrate by giving one example of each type.
Structures of molecules of two compounds are given below:
(a) Which of the two compounds will have intermolccular hydrogen bonding and which compound is expected to show intramolecular hydrogen bonding?
(b) The melting point of a compound depends on. among other things, the extent of hydrogen bonding. On this basis explain which of the above two compounds will show higher melting point.
(c) Solubility of compounds in water depends on power to form hydrogen bonds with water. Which of the above compounds will form hydrogen bond with water easily and be more soluble in it?
Arrange the bonds in order of increasing ionic character in the molecules: LiF, K2O, N2, SO2 and ClF3.
Out of bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals, which one has lower energy and which one has higher stability?
In which of the following substances will hydrogen bond be strongest?
(a) HCl
(b) H20
(c) HI
(d) H2S
Describe the change in hybridisation (if any) of the Al atom in the following reaction. AlCl3 + Cl– ——>AlCl4- .
In N0–3 ion, the number of bond pairs and lone pairs of electrons on nitrogen atom are
(a) 2, 2 (b) 3, 1 (c) 1,3 (d) 4, 0
Which molecule/ion out of the following does not contain unpaired electrons?
(a) N+2
(b) 02
(c) O22-
(d) B2
Why does type of overlap given in the following figure not result in the bond formation?
Give reasons for the following: ‘
(a) Covalent bonds are directional bonds while ionic bonds are non- directional.
(b) Water molecule has bent structure whereas carbon dioxide molecule is linear.
(c) Ethyne molecule is linear.
Explain why CO2-3 ion cannot be represented by a single Lewis structure. How can it be best represented?
Although both CO2 and H2O are triatomic molecules, the shape of H2O molecule is bent while that of CO2 is linear. Explain this on the basis of dipole moment.
