(a) What is immunisation ?
(b) Define immunity and vaccination.
(c) Define vaccine. .
(d) What type of diseases can be prevented through vaccination ? [SAII -2013]
(a) Immunisation is a process of inoculation (injecting) of substance (vaccine) into a healthy person in order to develop immunity against the disease.
(b) Immunity is the ability of a body to recognise, destroy and eliminate external disease-causing agents. This immunisation is done by giving vaccine and thus it is also known as vaccination.
(c) The vaccine is a solution containing the disease-causing organisms in a diluted or weakened form. It may have organisms in living or even dead form.This does not actually cause the disease but this would prevent any subsequent exposure to the infecting microbe from turning into actual disease.
(d) Protection against diseases like smallpox, rabies, polio, diphtheria, chickenpox and hepatitis is provided through vaccination. It has been possible to eradicate smallpox from all regions of the world through a massive vaccination programme.
Why are we normally advised, to take bland and nourishing food when we are sick ? [SAII – 2011, 2013]
The signs and symptoms of a disease will depend on the tissue or organ which the microbe targets Justify the statement with two examples. [SAll – 2014]
Classify the following diseases as infectious or non-infectious :
(a) AIDS (b) Tuberculosis
(c) Cholera (d) High blood pressure
(e) Heart disease (f) Pneumonia
(g) Cancer
Many vaccines form the public health programme of childhood immunisation for preventing infectious disease. Name any two such diseases.
(i) Why a person suffering from AIDS cannot fight even small infections ?
(ii) In a slum area, many people are suffering from malaria. Mention any two unhygienic conditions that must be prevailing in that locality.
(iii) Why female Anopheles mosquito feeds on human blood ? [SAII – 2014]
Conduct a survey in your neighbourhood to find out what the three most common diseases are. Suggest three steps that could be taken by your local authorities to bring down the incidence of these diseases.
You have suffered from chickenpox, when you were in class three. Why will you not suffer from it again ? [SAII -2014]
Differentiate between communicable and non-communicable diseases. Give one example of each.
Majority of children in many parts of India are already immune to Hepatitis A by the time they are five years old. Why ?
Give two examples for each of the following :
(a) Acute diseases
(b) Chronic diseases
(c) Infectious diseases
(d) Non-infectious diseases.
Give the modes of transmission of each of the following diseases :
(i) Syphilis (ii) Tuberculosis (iii) Jaundice (iv) Japanese encephalitis [SAII -2012]
Becoming exposed to or infected with an infectious microbe (toes not necessarily mean developing noticeable disease. Explain.