Question:
Do you justify the statutory ban on amniocentesis in our country? Give reasons.
Answer:
- Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term is called MTP or induced abortion. Nearly 45 to 50 millions MTPs are performed in a year all over the world which accounts to l/5th (20%) of the total number of conceived pregnancies in a year. MTP has a significant role in decreasing the population though it is not meant for this purpose.
- Government of India legalized MTP in 1971 with some strict conditions
to avoid its misuse. Such restrictions are more important to check indiscriminate and illegal female foeticides which reported to be high in India. ‘ .
- MTP is used to get rid of unwanted pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or failure of the contraceptive used during coitus or rapes. MTPs are also essential in certain cases where continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both. MTPs are considered relatively safe during the first trimester (up to 12 weeks of pregnancy). 2nd trimester abortions are much more risky. Another dangerous trend is the misuse of amniocentesis to determine the sex of unborn child.
- Amniocentesis is a foetal sex determination test based on the chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo. Amniocentesis is employed for determining hereditary abnormality in embryo. Statutory ban on amniocentesis for sex-determination to legally Check: (i) Increasing female foeticides, (ii) Massive child immunisation.
Reproductive Health
Q 1.
Reproductive health refers only to healthy reproductive functions. Comment.
Q 2.
Is the use of contraceptives justified? Give reasons.
Q 3.
What are the Assisted Reproductive Techniques practised to help infertile couples? Describe any three techniques.
Q 4.
Suggest some methods to assist infertile couples to have children.
Q 5.
Do you think that reproductive health in our country has improved in the past 50 years? If yes, mention some such areas of improvement.
Q 6.
Correct the following statements:
(a)Surgical methods of contraception prevent gamete formation.
(b)Ail sexually transmitted diseases are completely curable.
(c)Oral pills are very popular contraceptives , among the rural women.
(d)In E.T. techniques, embryos are always transferred into the uterus.
Q 7.
The present population growth rate “in India is alarming. Suggest ways to check it.
Q 8.
STDs are a threat to reproductive health. Describe any two such diseases and suggest preventive measures.
Q 9.
The procedure of GIFT involves the transfer of female gamete to the fallopian tube. Can gametes be transferred to the uterus to achieve the same result? Explain.
Q 10.
What are the advantages of natural methods of contraception over artificial methods?
Q 11.
What are the probable factors that contributed to population explosion in India?
Q 12.
Enumerate and describe any five reasons for introducing sex education to school-going children.
Q 13.
What are the suggested reasons for population explosion?
Q 14.
Comment on the essential features required for an ideal contraceptive.
Q 15.
Suggest the aspects of reproductive health which need to be given special attention in the present scenario.
Q 16.
Males in whom testes fail to descend to the scrotum are generally infertile. Why?
Q 17.
Strict conditions are to be followed in medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) procedures. Mention two reasons.
Q 18.
What is the significance of progesterone-estrogen combination as a contraceptive measure?
Q 19.
Mention two advantages of lactational amenorrhea as a contraceptive method.
Q 20.
Suggest the reproduction-related aspects in which counselling should be provided at the school level.
Q 21.
What do you think is the significance of reproductive health in a society?
Q 22.
Is sex education necessary in schools? Why?
Q 23.
What are the measures one has to take to prevent from contracting STDs?
Q 24.
Amniocentesis for sex determination is banned?in our country. Is this ban necessary? Comment
Q 25.
All reproductive tract infections RTJs are STDs, but all STDs are not RTIs. Justify with example.
Q 26.
Discuss the mode of action and advantages/disadvantages of hormonal contraceptives.
Q 27.
Comment on the Reproductive and Child Health Care programme of the government to improve the reproductive health of the people.
Q 28.
Suggest some important steps that you would recommend to be taken to improve the reproductive health standards in India.
Q 29.
Mention the primary-aim of the "Assisted Reproductive Technology"(ART) programme.
Q 30.
What are the conditions in which medical termination of pregnancy is advised?
Q 31.
STDs can be considered as self-invitedrdiseases. Comment.
Q 32.
Strict conditions are to be followed in medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) procedures. Mention two reasons.
Q 33.
Copper ions-releasing IUDs are more efficient than non-medicated methods. Why?
Q 34.
Removal of gonads cannot be considered as a contraceptive option. Why?
Q 35.
Briefly explain IVF and ET. What are the conditions in which these methods are advised?
Q 36.
State True/False with explanation
(a)Abortions could happen spontaneously too. (True/False)
(b)Infertility is defined as the inability to produce a viable offspring and is always due to abnormalities/defects in the female partner. (True/False)
(c)Complete lactation could help as a natural method of contraception. (True/False)
(d)Creating awareness about sex related aspects is an effective method to improve reproductive health of the people. (True/False)
Q 37.
Do you justify the statutory ban on amniocentesis in our country? Give reasons.
