Question:
Discuss the mode of action and advantages/disadvantages of hormonal contraceptives.
Answer:
- Oral administration of small doses of either progestagens or progestogen- estrogen combinations is another contraceptive method used by the females.
- Most important component of oral contraceptive is progesterone. They are used in the form of tablets and hence are popularly called the pills. Pills have to be taken daily for a period of 21 days starting preferably within the first 5 days of menstrual cycle. After a gap of 7 days (during which menstruation occurs) it has to be repeated in the same pattern.
- Oral contraceptive pills inhibit ovulation and implantation as well as alter (change) the quality of cervical mucus to prevent or retard entry of
sperms. Progesterone present in OCP- is meant for checking ovulation. Pills are very effective with lesser side effects and are well accepted by the females. Combination or IUDs within 72 hours of coitus have been found to be very effective as emergency contraceptives as they could be used to avoid possible pregnancy due to rape or casual unprotected intercourse.
Reproductive Health
Q 1.
Reproductive health refers only to healthy reproductive functions. Comment.
Q 2.
Is the use of contraceptives justified? Give reasons.
Q 3.
What are the Assisted Reproductive Techniques practised to help infertile couples? Describe any three techniques.
Q 4.
Suggest some methods to assist infertile couples to have children.
Q 5.
Do you think that reproductive health in our country has improved in the past 50 years? If yes, mention some such areas of improvement.
Q 6.
Correct the following statements:
(a)Surgical methods of contraception prevent gamete formation.
(b)Ail sexually transmitted diseases are completely curable.
(c)Oral pills are very popular contraceptives , among the rural women.
(d)In E.T. techniques, embryos are always transferred into the uterus.
Q 7.
STDs are a threat to reproductive health. Describe any two such diseases and suggest preventive measures.
Q 8.
The present population growth rate “in India is alarming. Suggest ways to check it.
Q 9.
The procedure of GIFT involves the transfer of female gamete to the fallopian tube. Can gametes be transferred to the uterus to achieve the same result? Explain.
Q 10.
What are the advantages of natural methods of contraception over artificial methods?
Q 11.
Enumerate and describe any five reasons for introducing sex education to school-going children.
Q 12.
What are the probable factors that contributed to population explosion in India?
Q 13.
What are the suggested reasons for population explosion?
Q 14.
Comment on the essential features required for an ideal contraceptive.
Q 15.
Suggest the aspects of reproductive health which need to be given special attention in the present scenario.
Q 16.
Males in whom testes fail to descend to the scrotum are generally infertile. Why?
Q 17.
Strict conditions are to be followed in medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) procedures. Mention two reasons.
Q 18.
What is the significance of progesterone-estrogen combination as a contraceptive measure?
Q 19.
Suggest the reproduction-related aspects in which counselling should be provided at the school level.
Q 20.
Mention two advantages of lactational amenorrhea as a contraceptive method.
Q 21.
What do you think is the significance of reproductive health in a society?
Q 22.
Is sex education necessary in schools? Why?
Q 23.
What are the measures one has to take to prevent from contracting STDs?
Q 24.
Amniocentesis for sex determination is banned?in our country. Is this ban necessary? Comment
Q 25.
All reproductive tract infections RTJs are STDs, but all STDs are not RTIs. Justify with example.
Q 26.
Discuss the mode of action and advantages/disadvantages of hormonal contraceptives.
Q 27.
Comment on the Reproductive and Child Health Care programme of the government to improve the reproductive health of the people.
Q 28.
Suggest some important steps that you would recommend to be taken to improve the reproductive health standards in India.
Q 29.
What are the conditions in which medical termination of pregnancy is advised?
Q 30.
Mention the primary-aim of the "Assisted Reproductive Technology"(ART) programme.
Q 31.
STDs can be considered as self-invitedrdiseases. Comment.
Q 32.
Strict conditions are to be followed in medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) procedures. Mention two reasons.
Q 33.
Copper ions-releasing IUDs are more efficient than non-medicated methods. Why?
Q 34.
Removal of gonads cannot be considered as a contraceptive option. Why?
Q 35.
Briefly explain IVF and ET. What are the conditions in which these methods are advised?
Q 36.
State True/False with explanation
(a)Abortions could happen spontaneously too. (True/False)
(b)Infertility is defined as the inability to produce a viable offspring and is always due to abnormalities/defects in the female partner. (True/False)
(c)Complete lactation could help as a natural method of contraception. (True/False)
(d)Creating awareness about sex related aspects is an effective method to improve reproductive health of the people. (True/False)
Q 37.
Do you justify the statutory ban on amniocentesis in our country? Give reasons.
