Mention any four features of the proto ¬industrial system. [CBSE Svpt. 2010]
Or
Explain the main features of proto ¬industrialisation. [CBSE 2010 (0)]
Or
What was proto-industrialisation ? Why did the poor peasants and artisans in the countryside begin to work for the merchants from the towns ? [CBSE 2012]
(i) Impact on cottagers and peasants : After the disappearing of open field system cottagers and poor peasants ‘who had earlier depended on common lands for their survival, gathering their firewood, berries, vegetables, hay and straw, had to now look for alternative sources of income. Many had tiny plots of land which could not provide work for all members of the household. So when merchants cam around and offered advances to produce good; for them, peasant households eagerly agreed. By working for the merchants, they could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small plots. Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation. It also allowed them a fuller use of their family labour resources.
(ii) Closed relationship between countryside and towns : Within this system a close relationship developed between the town and the countryside. Merchants were based in towns but the work was done mostly in the countryside.
(iii) Role of merchants : The whole system of production was controlled by merchants and the goods were produced by a vast number of producers working within their family farms, not in factories At each stage of production 20 to 25 workers were employed by each merchant.
(iv) Market : With the expansion of world trade and the acquistion of colonies in different parts of the world, the demand for goods began growing. So the Merchants were producing these goods for international market.
(v) Not factories : The goods were no: produced in factories by the cotta cottagers and Hie peasants and their families.
Name the European Managing agencies which controlled the large sector of Indian industries.
The proto-industrialisation helped in building a close relationship between the town and the countryside”. Explain.
Why did some Industrialists in nineteenth-century Europe prefer hand labour over machines?
Why did the peasants agree to accept advances made by the merchants to produce goods for them in Europe during the 17th and the 18th centuries* ? Explain three reasons. [CBSE Comp. (D) 2008]
Or
How were new merchant groups in Europe able to spread their business in the countryside before the Industrial Revolution ? Explain.
Or
Briefly explain the method and system of production in the countryside in England.
[CBSE 2013]
When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels with pictures on the cloth bundles. Why did they do so ? Explain.
How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from the Indian weavers ?
Which pre-colonial port connected India to the Gulf countries and the Red Sea ports ? [CBSE Sept. 2010, 2011]
Why did the network of export trade in textiles controlled by the Indian merchants break down by the 1750s ? Mention any two effects of such a breakdown ? [CBSE 2013]
Why women workers attacked the spinning Jenny a machine which was introduced in Britain ?
When Indian manufacturers advertised, the nationalist message was clear and loud."What was the message ?
By the first decade of the 20th century, a series of changes affected the pattern of industrialisation in India. Explain. [CBSE 2008. Sept. 2013]
What technological change helped in improving production of India industry during the 20th century ?
Explain the following :
(a) Woman workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny. [CBSE Sept. 2011]
(b) In the seventeenth century, merchants from towns In Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages.
(c) The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century.
(d) The East India Company appointed Gomasthas to supervise the weavers in India. [CBSE Sept. 2011]
Why did the industrial production in India increase during the First World War ? [CBSE Sept. 2011]
Write a short note on the development of factories in India.
Or
Explain the growth of factories in India.
“Under the colonial era the Indian merchants were discriminated and space within which Indian merchants could function became increasingly limited’. Justify.
How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers?
“Certain group of weavers were in a better position than others to survive the competition with mill industries-. Explain. [CBSE 2014]
The port of Surat and Hoogly declined by the end of the ISth century.’ Explain. [CBSE Sept. 2012]
Explain the role of Indian merchants and bankers in the network of export trade.
Or
What role did the Indian merchants play in the growth of textile industries before 1750 ? Explain any three points. [CBSE 2011]
Why was it difficult for the new European merchants to set up business in town in the 17th and 18th centuries ?
What was importance of advertisements in expanding the market during the colonial period ?
Assess the impact of the American Civil War on the plight of Weavers in India during second half at the 18th century. [CBSE 2014]