Biology

Human Health and Disease

Question:

Differentiate the following and give examples of each
(a)Innate and acquired immunity
(b)Active and passive immunity

Answer:

(a) Innate & acquired immunity
Innate immunity, also called inherent, natural, non specific immunity, comprises all those defence elements with which an individual is bom & which are always available to protect a living body. It acts on many organisms and does not show specificity, e.g. Lysozyme present in secretions such as tears, catalyzes the hydrolysis of molecules in the cell walls of bacteria & interferon induces antiviral state in non infected cells. They act as physiological barriers & check the growth of many pathogenic micro-organisms. Acquired immunity, also called adaptive or specific immunity, is the immunity obtained either from the development of antibodies in .response to exposure to an antigen, as from vaccination or an attack of an infectious diseases or from the transmission of antibodies as from mother to foetus through the placenta.
(b) Active & passive immunity
Active immunity is acquired by catching & surviving an infectious disease or by vaccination with a weakened form of the diseases which makes the body to form antibodies. Whereas passive immunity is conferred by transfer of immune products like antibodies etc. from other individual

previuos
next

Human Health and Disease

Q 1.

List the harmful effects caused by alcohol/drug abuse.

Q 2.

How is a cancerous cell different from a normal cell?

Q 3.

What are the various public health measures, which you would suggest as safeguard against infectious diseases?
 

Q 4.

Explain what is meant by metastasis.

Q 5.

What are the various routes by which trans-mission of human immunodeficiency virus takes place?

Q 6.

What is the mechanism by which the AIDS virus causes deficiency of immune system of the infected person?

Q 7.

In your view what motivates youngsters to take to alcohol or drugs and how can this be avoided?

Q 8.

In which way has the study of biology helped us to control infectious diseases?

Q 9.

What measures would you take to prevent water borne diseases?

Q 10.

Draw a well-labelled diagram of an antibody

Q 11.

The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its fall form:
(a)MALT (b) CMI
(c)AIDS (d)NACO
(e)HIV

Q 12.

Name the primary and secondary lymphoid organs.

Q 13.

Discuss with your teacher what does ‘a suitable gene' means, in the context of DNA vaccines.

Q 14.

Why is that once a person starts taking alcohol or drugs, it is difficult to get rid of this habit? Discuss it with your teacher.

Q 15.

Hovy does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place?
(a)Amoebiasis (b) Malaria
(c)Ascariasis (d) Pneumonia

Q 16.

Differentiate the following and give examples of each
(a)Innate and acquired immunity
(b)Active and passive immunity

Q 17.

Do you think that friends can influence one to take alcohol/drugs? If yes, how may one protect himself/herself from such an influence?