(a) Define dipole moment. What are the units of dipole moment?
(b) Dipole moment values help in predicting the shapes of covalent molecules. Explain.
(a)Dipole moment: In a polar molecule, one end bears a positive charge and the other has a negative charge. Thus, the molecule has two poles with equal magnitude of the charges. The molecule is known as dipolar molecule and possesses dipole moment.
It is defined as the product of the magnitude of the positive or negative charge and the distance between the charges. µ (dipole moment) = q x d
SI unit of dipole moment is coulomb metre (m) or Debye.
(b)The dipole moment values are quite helpful in determining the general shapes of molecules.
For molecules with zero dipole moment, shapes will be either linear or symmetrical. For Example. BeF2 CO2etc. Molecules that possess dipole moments, their shape will not be symmetrical.
Elements X, Y and Z have 4, 5 and 7 valence electrons respectively, (i) Write the molecular formula of the compounds formed by these elements individually with hydrogen, (ii) Which of these compounds will have the highest dipole moment?
Which of the following statements are not correct?
(a) NaCl being an ionic compound is a good conductor of electricity in the solid state.
(b) In canonical structures there is a difference in the arrangement of atoms.
(c) Hybrid orbitals form stronger bonds than pure orbitals.
(d) VSEPR theory can explain the square planar geometry of XeF4.
Match the items given in Column I with examples given in Column II.
| Column I | Column II |
| (i) Hydrogen bond | (a) C |
| (ii) Resonance | (b) LiF |
| (iii) Ionic solid | (c) H2 |
| (iv) Covalent solid | (d) HF |
| (e) 03 |
Briefly describe the valence bond theory of covalent bond formation by taking an example of hydrogen. How can you interpret energy changes taking place in the formation of dihydrogen?
What is the effect of the following processes on the bond order in N-, and 02?
(i) N2 → N+2 + e– (ii) 02 → O+2 + e–
Draw diagrams showing the formation of a double bond and a triple bond between carbon atoms in C2 H4 and C2 H2 molecules.
In PO43- ion the formal charge on the oxygen atom of P – O bond is
(a) +1 (b) -1 (c) -0.75 (d) +0.75
Name the two conditions which must be satisfied for hydrogen bonding to take place in a molecule.
Structures of molecules of two compounds are given below:
(a) Which of the two compounds will have intermolccular hydrogen bonding and which compound is expected to show intramolecular hydrogen bonding?
(b) The melting point of a compound depends on. among other things, the extent of hydrogen bonding. On this basis explain which of the above two compounds will show higher melting point.
(c) Solubility of compounds in water depends on power to form hydrogen bonds with water. Which of the above compounds will form hydrogen bond with water easily and be more soluble in it?
The energy of σ2pz: molecular orbital is greater than 2px and 2pv molecular orbitals in nitrogen molecule. Write the complete sequence of energy levels in the increasing order of energy in the molecule. Compare the relative stability and the magnetic behaviour of the following species:
N2, N+2, N–2, N22+
Assertion (A): Though the central atom of both NH3 and H20 molecules are sp3 hybridised, yet H – N – H bond angle is greater than that of H – O – H.
Reason (R): This is because nitrogen atom has one lone pair and oxygen atom has two lone pairs.
(a) A and R both are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) A and R both are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A and R both are false.
Write Lewis symbols for the following atoms and ions: S and S2– ; Al and Al3+; H and H–
Apart from tetrahedral geometry, another possible geometry for CH4 is square planar with the four H atoms at the comers of the square and the C atom at its centre. Explain why CH4 is not square planar?
Describe the change in hybridisation (if any) of the Al atom in the following reaction. AlCl3 + Cl– ——>AlCl4- .
Is there any change in the hybridisation ofB and N atoms as a result of the following reaction ? BF3 + NH3 ——-> F3 B.NH3
Compare the relative stability of the following species and indicate their magnetic properties: O2, O2, O2– (Superoxide),O22- (peroxide)
Explain the diamagnetic behaviour of P2 molecule on the basis of molecular orbital theory.
In which of the following molecule/ion all the bonds are not equal?
(a) XeF4
(b) BF–4
(c) C2H4
(d) SiF4
In which of the following substances will hydrogen bond be strongest?
(a) HCl
(b) H20
(c) HI
(d) H2S
Give reasons for the following: ‘
(a) Covalent bonds are directional bonds while ionic bonds are non- directional.
(b) Water molecule has bent structure whereas carbon dioxide molecule is linear.
(c) Ethyne molecule is linear.
Explain why CO2-3 ion cannot be represented by a single Lewis structure. How can it be best represented?
What is meant by the term average bond enthalpy? Why there is difference in bond enthalpy of O – H bond in ethanol (C2H5OH) and water?
Match the species in Column I with the geometry/shape in Column II.
| Column I | Column II |
| (i) H30+ | (a) Linear |
| (ii) HC = CH | (b) Angular |
| (iii) Cl0–2 | (c) Tetrahedral |
| (iv) NH+4 | (d) Trigonal bipyramidal |
| – | (e) Pyramidal |
Match the shape of molecules in Column I with the type of hybridization in Column II.
| Column I | Column II |
| (i) Tetrahedral | (a) sp2 |
| (ii) Trigonal | (b) sp |
| (iii) Linear | (c) sp3 |
Arrange the bonds in order of increasing ionic character in the molecules: LiF, K2O, N2, SO2 and ClF3.
Write the important conditions required for the linear combination of atomic orbitals to form molecular orbitals.
Polarity in a molecule and hence the dipole moment depends primarily on electronegativity of the constituent atoms and shape of a molecule. Which of the following has the highest dipole moment?
(a) C02
(b) HI
(c) H20
(d) S02
In N0–3 ion, the number of bond pairs and lone pairs of electrons on nitrogen atom are
(a) 2, 2 (b) 3, 1 (c) 1,3 (d) 4, 0
