What were the factors which were responsible for the end of the Bretton Woods system ?
(i) The Decline of US Currency: After 1960s, the US was no longer the dominant economic power as it had been for more than two decades The US dollar now no longer commanded confidence as the world's principal currency. Tire dollar could not maintain is value in relation to gold.
(ii) New powers : By the mid-1960s, the E E C and Japan had become international economic powers in their own right. With total reserves exceeding those of the US. with higher levels of growth and trade, and with per capita income approaching that of the US. Europe and Japan were narrowing the gap between themselves and the United States.
(iii) Rise of Western Commercial Banks :
From the mid-1970s, the International financial system also changed in important ways. Earlier, developing countries could turn to international institutions for loans and development assistance. But now. they were forced to borrow from Western commercial banks and private lending institutions- This led to periodic debt crises in the developing world and lower income along with increased poverty, especially in Africa and Latin America.
(iv) Problem of unemployment : The industrial world was also hit by unemployment that began rising from the mid-1970s, and remained high until the early 1990s. From the late 1970s, MNCs also began to shift production operations to low-wage Asian countries.
(v) Rise of China and Soviet Union: China had been cut off from the post-war world economy since its revolution in 1949. But new economic policies in China and the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Soviet* style communism in Eastern Europe brought many countries back into the fold of the world economy.
(vi) Low cost structure in China : The Chinese economy emerged ns a new super power due to low cost structure. Wages were relatively low- in countries like China. Thus they became attractive destinations for investment by foreign MNCs competing to capture the world markets.
Explain the impact of the First World War on Britain.
Or
How did the First World War change the economic life of the people in Britain ? Explain. [CBSE 2008 (D)]
Or
Describe in brief the world economic conditions of the post First World War period. [CBSE 2010 (D), Sept. 2012, 2013]
Define the term ‘Trade Surplus’. How was the income received from trade surplus with India used by Britain? [CBSE 2010, 2012, 2011]
Name any two countries which became major supplier of wheat during the First World War.
Name the economist who thought that India gold exports during the Great Depression of 1929 promoted global economic recovery.
Highlight three main features of life of African people before the coming of Europeans. [CBSE 2013]
India played a crucial role in the late 19th century world economy”. Explain. [CBSE 2014]
What were the main sources of attraction for Europeans to come to Africa in the late nineteenth century ? How did they exploit their resources ? [CBSE 2010 (F)]
‘The First World War was modern industrial war’. Explain.
Or
Explain how the First World War was so horrible a war like none other before. [CBSE 2010 (0)]
Or
How far is it correct to say that "The First World Wax was the First modem industrial war”? Explain. [CBSE Sept. 2010]
Name the disease which had terrifying impact on people's livelihoods and local economy of Africa during 1890's.
Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas.
"European conquests produced many painful economic, social and ecological changes through which the colonised societies were brought into the world economy."Explain. [CBSE 2015]
What was the impact of the spread of rinderpest or the cattle plague on the African people ? Explain. [CBSE 2009 (O)]
Or
How did rinderpest change .the economy of the African society ? [CBSE Sept. 2010, 2011]
Or
Explain the social impact of introduction of rinderpest in Africa.
Or
Describe briefly the effects of rinderpest in Africa in the 1890's. [CBSE Sept. 2011, 2012, 2014]
Explain the three types of movements or flows within international economic exchange. Find one example of each type of flow which involved India and Indians, and write a short account of it.
Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place before the 17th century, choosing one example from Asia, and one from the America.
By 1890, a global agricultural economy had taken shape.' Explain by giving example.
Or
Describe any three changes in the global agricultural economy after 1890. [CBSE 2014]
How was the income received from trade surplus with India used by Britain ? [CBSE 2008 (D)]
Why China and other Asian countries became attractive destination for investment by foreign MNC's ?
Explain the impacts of scrapping of the Corn Law. [CBSE Sept, 2010, 2014]
Or
What was the result of the abolishing of Corn Laws? [CBSE Sept, 2010, 2012]
In the. 19th century, all over the world more than 150 million people migrated from one country to another.’ Explain the factors responsible for this migration.
What do you know about the Great Depression ? Explain the major factors responsible for the Great Depression. [CBSE 2008 (F), Sept. 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013]