List the advantages of recombinant insulin.
Insulin used for diabetes was earlier extracted from pancreas of slaughtered cattle and pigs. Insulin from an animal source, though caused some patients to develop allergy or other types of reactions to the foreign protein. Insulin consists of two short polypeptide chains: chain A and chain B, that are linked together by disulphide bridges. In mammals, including humans, insulin is synthesised as a pro-hormone (like a pro-enzyme, the pro-hormone also needs to be processed before it becomes a fully mature and functional hormone) which contains an extra stretch called the C peptide. This C peptide is not present in the mature insulin and is removed during maturation into insulin. The main challenge for production of insulin using rDNA techniques was getting insulin assembled into a mature form. In 1983, Eli Lilly an American company prepared two DNA sequences corresponding to A and B, chains of human insulin and introduced them in plasmids of E. coli to produce insulin chains. Chains A and B were produced separately, extracted and combined by creating disulfide bonds to form human insulin.
Many proteins are secreted in their inactive form. This is also hue of many toxic proteins produced by micro organisms. Explain how the mechanism is useful for the organism producing the toxin.
Gene expression can be controlled with the help of RNA. Explain the method with an example.
Explain with the help of one example how genetically modified plants can:
(a) Reduce usage of chemical pesticides .
(b) Enhance nutritional value of food crops
Gene therapy is an attempt to correct a genetic defect by providing a normal gene into the individual. By this’the normal function can be restored. An alternate method would be to provide the gene product (protein/enzyme) known as enzyme replacement therapy, which would also restore the function. Which in your opinion is a better option? Give reason for your answer.
Transgenic animals are the animals in which a foreign gene is expressed. Such animals can be used to study the fundamental biological process, phenomenon as well as for producing products useful for mankind. Give one example for each type.
What is gene therapy? Illustrate using the example of adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency.
Explain with the help of one example how genetically modified plants can:
(a) Reduce usage of chemical pesticides .
(b) Enhance nutritional value of food crops
Differentiate between diagnostics and therapeutics. Give one example and for each category.
Define transgenic animals. Explain in detail any four areas where they can be utilised.
Ignoring our traditional knowledge can we prove costly in the area of biological patenting. Justify.
Why is it that the line of treatment for a genetic disease is different from infectious diseases?
Why has the Indian Parliament cleared the second amendment of the country's patents bill?
Give the full form of ELISA. Which disease can be detected using it? Discuss the principle underlying the test.
Consult internet andflnd out howto makeorally activ&protein pharmaceutical. What is the major problem to be encountered?
Ignoring our traditional knowledge can we prove costly in the area of biological patenting. Justify.
Write a short note on biopiracy highlighting the exploitation of developing countries by the developed countries.
What are Cry proteins? Name an organism that produce it. How has man exploited this protein to his benefit?
Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of production of genetically modified crops.
Bt cotton is resistant to pest, such as lepidopteron, dipterans and coleopterans. Is Bt cotton also resistant to other pests as well?
Name the five key tools for accomplishing the tasks of recombinant DNA technology. Also mention the functions of each tool.
What are the various advantages of using genetically modified plants to increase the overall yield of the crop?
How was Insulin obtained before the advent of rDNA technology? What were the problems encountered?
Gene expression can be controlled with the help of RNA. Explain the method with an example.
Digrammatically represent the experimental steps in cloning and expressing an human gene (say the gene for growth hormone) into a bacterium like E. coli ?
List the disadvantages of insulin obtained from the pancreas of slaughtered cows and pigs:
When a foreign DNA is introduced into an organism, how is it maintained in the host and how is it transferred to the progeny of the organism?
What is meant by the term bio-pesticide? Name and explain the mode of action of a popular bio-pesticide.
While creating genetically modified organisms, genetic barriers are not respected. How can this be dangerous in the long run?
Can you suggest a method to remove oil (hydrocarbon) from seeds based on your understanding of rDNA technology and chemistry of oil?
In view of the current food crisis, it is said, that we need another green revolution. Highlight the major limitations of the earlier green revolution.
ELISA technique is based on the principles of antigen-antibody interaction. Can this techique be used in the molecular diagnosis of a genetic disorder, such as phenyketonuria?
With respect to understanding diseases,’discuss the importance of transgenic animal models.
Who was the first patient who was given gene therapy? Why was the given treatment recurrent in nature?