(a) With the help of a flow diagram, describe how energy from the sun flows through various trophic levels.
(b) Explain why, the flow of energy in the ecosystem is said to be unidirectional.
(a) The energy from sun flows through various trophic levels. The food and energy are transferred from producer organisms to herbivores and from herbivores to carnivores, through the food chain. First Step – The green plants trap solar energy with the help of green pigment called chlorophyll which converts the sunlight energy into chemical energy. This gets stored as carbohydrates in the plants. About 1% of the sun’s energy falling on the leaves is used by the plants in the process of photosynthesis and stored as chemical energy of food. The plants utilize the stored energy for their metabolic activities like respiration and growth. Some of the energy is not utilised and it is released as unusable heat into the environment. Second Step – The plants are eaten up by herbivores and the chemical energy of plants is transferred to them. The herbivores utilize this energy for various metabolic activities and release unused energy as heat energy to the environment.Third Step – The herbivores are eaten up by carnivores. The chemical energy stored in the flesh of herbivores is transferred to the carnivores and they utilise this energy for their metabolic activities like respiration and growth and some of the energy which remains unutilised, is released into the environment. This process of transfer of energy is repeated with large carnivores and so on.
(b) The flow of energy in the ecosystem is said to be unidirectional because the energy lost as heat from the living organisms of a food chain cannot be reused by plants in photosynthesis.
Name the phenomenon in which non-biodegradable chemicals get accumulated progressively at each trophic level of a food chain.
(a) What is meant by biodegradable waste materials ? Give two examples of biodegradable wastes.
(b) Which of the following materials are non-biodegradable ?
Aluminium wire, Tea leaves, Synthetic fibre, Wool
Which of the following belong to the first trophic level of a food chain? Grass, Grasshopper, Plants, Rat, Tiger [Foreign]
Which one of the following is not a terrestial ecosystem ?
Forest, Grassland, Aquarium, Desert
Describe how decomposers facilitate recycling of matter in order to maintain balance in the ecosystem. [Foreign]
State whether the following statements are true or false :State whether the following statements are true or false :
(a) In biology, human beings are called producers.
(b) Secondary consumers and tertiary consumers, both are carnivores.
What is the functional unit of the environment comprising of the living and non-living components called ?
(a) Describe an activity to show that while paper is biodegradable but plastic (say, polythene) is non-
biodegradable.
(b) Explain why, some materials are biodegradable but some are non-biodegradable.
(a) What is meant by ‘environment’ ?
(b) What type of substances are the major pollutants of the environment ? Name two such substances.
(c) Name the organisms whose uncontrolled activities are damaging the environment.
(d) Explain why, it is better to use paper bags than plastic bags.
What is meant by bioconcentration of pesticides ? Which common pesticide has accumulated in human body in considerable amounts ?
Why did United Nations act to control the production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) used in refrigerators? [Delhi]
Which one term in the following includes the others ?
air, flora, fauna, environment, water, sunlight, soil
Can the organisms of any trophic level be removed without causing any damage to the ecosystem ? Will the impact of removing all the organisms in a trophic level be different for different trophic levels ?
Which of the following are biodegradable and which non-biodegradable ?
Glass bottle, Paper, Ball point pen refill, Hay, DDT, Wheat, Cake, Wood,
Polythene bag, Jute bag, Cotton cloth, Grass, Vegetable peels
At which trophic level a person is feeding when he is eating :At which trophic level a person is feeding when he is eating :
(a) roasted chicken
(b) bread
(c) eggs
(d) apple
(e) fish
A student went to study a local pond. In one part of the pond she noticed tadpoles scraping at some pond weed. In another part she saw a water beetle holding a tadpole in its jaws.A student went to study a local pond. In one part of the pond she noticed tadpoles scraping at some pond weed. In another part she saw a water beetle holding a tadpole in its jaws.
(a) Construct a food chain for the pond.
(b) How many links are there in this chain ?
Fill in the following blanks with suitable words :Fill in the following blanks with suitable words :
(a) Ultraviolet rays can cause skin…………………
(b) Pesticides enter the food chain at the…………………. level
(c) Grass →…………….→Human
(d) Lettuce →…………….→ Fox
(e) Plants→ Antelope→ …………….
‘If we excessively use pesticides to protect the crops from diseases, then it may cause long-term damage to mankind’. Justify this statement.
Which disease is caused in human beings due to depletion of ozone layer in the atmosphere? [Foreign]
State two problems caused by the non- biodegradable waste that we generate in our daily life. [All India (C)]
Fill in the following blanks with suitable words : Fill in the following blanks with suitable words :
(a) Decomposer organisms are……………. in their action.
(b) In nature, all green plants are……………. whereas animals are consumers.
(c) A series of organisms, each of which feeds on the next organism, the beginning of which is a green plant, is called a…………….
(d) The science that deals with the inter-relationships of living things with one another and their environment is called …………….
(e) Plastic is a……………. material whereas paper is a……………. material.
What is meant by a primary consumer, secondary consumer and a tertiary consumer ? Give one example of each.
What is the difference between the food habits of organisms belonging to the first and the third trophic levels ? Give one example each of the organisms belonging to these two trophic levels.
How does a biodegradable waste differ from a non-biodegradable waste ? Give two examples of non- biodegradable wastes which pollute our environment.