Question:
What are the different means by which infectious diseases are spread?
Answer:
Infectious diseases can spread through various means like through air, water, by direct and indirect contact, vectors (animals, mosquitos, flies etc.).
- Through Air: Spread through sneezing, coughing, open defecation. Air Borne Diseases are common cold, pneumonia, tuberculosis, measles, SARS, chicken-pox.
- Through Water: open defecation, consuming contaminated water, inadequate hand washing. Water-borne diseases are cholera, amoebiasis, typhoid etc.
- Direct Contact(including sexual contact): By handshaking, kissing, contact with body lesions, sexual contact. e.g. common cold, tuberculosis, chicken pox, warts etc. Sex Transmitted diseases (STD) are Syphilis, AIDS, gonorrhoea.
- Indirect Contact: By frequently touching the surfaces of objects used by infected persons e.g. touching doorknobs, utensils, clothes, towels, toilets, computer keyboards etc. Examples of diseases spread by Indirect Contact are Flu, TB, Chickenpox, urinal infections etc.
- Through vectors: Animals, Flies, Mosquitos etc. carry infecting agent from sick person to healthy person. Vector-borne diseases are rabies, malaria, dengue, yellow fever, dysentery, diarrhoea etc.
Why Do We Fall Ill?
Q 1.
Give two examples for each of the following :
(a) Acute diseases
(b) Chronic diseases
(c) Infectious diseases
(d) Non-infectious diseases.
Q 2.
Give two examples of bacterial antibiotics.
Q 3.
List any three reasons why you would think that you are sick and ought to see a doctor. If only one of these symptoms were present, would you still go to the doctor ? Why or why not ?
Q 4.
Differentiate between communicable and non-communicable diseases. Give one example of each.
Q 5.
Name a disease which was earlier considered to be chronic but now can be treated in short duration?
Q 6.
Why Colostrum is good for infants?
Q 7.
Which amongst the two diseases : acute or chronic has adverse effect on the health of a person? Explain giving a suitable example.
Q 8.
(i) Why a person suffering from AIDS cannot fight even small infections ?
(ii) In a slum area, many people are suffering from malaria. Mention any two unhygienic conditions that must be prevailing in that locality.
(iii) Why female Anopheles mosquito feeds on human blood ? [SAII – 2014]
Q 9.
Majority of children in many parts of India are already immune to Hepatitis A by the time they are five years old. Why ?
Q 10.
Differentiate between acute diseases and chronic diseases.
Q 11.
What is inflammation ? Write the symptoms of this in human body.
Q 12.
Differentiate between Acute Diseases and Chronic Diseases.
Q 13.
Give an example of fungal antibiotic.
Q 14.
Why are we normally advised to take bland and nourishing food when we are sick?
Q 15.
Name the vector which causes malaria.
Q 16.
Name the vector that can cause sleeping sickness.
Q 17.
What do signs and symptoms indicate if a person is suffering from any disease ? [SAII -2014]
Q 18.
What is an antibiotic ? Give its one example.
Q 19.
Classify infectious agents into different categories and also mention the diseases caused by them.
Q 20.
Becoming exposed to or infected with an infectious microbe (toes not necessarily mean developing noticeable disease. Explain.
Q 21.
Define Health? What do you interpret when we say a person is in good health?
Q 22.
In which of the following case do you think the long-term effects on your health are likely to be most unpleasant? a. if you get jaundice, b. if you get lice, c. if you get acne. Why?
Q 23.
What do you mean by immune response ? , [SAII – 2014]
Q 24.
What are congenital diseases? Give two examples of such disease.
Q 25.
Write differences between 'Being Healthy' and 'Disease Free'.
Q 26.
How can we prevent water borne and vector borne infections ?
Q 27.
What is a disease ? How many types of diseases have you studied ? Give examples.
Q 28.
What precautions will you take to justify “prevention is better than cure” ?
Q 29.
Name the protozoan pathogen that causes kala-azar.
Q 30.
Why is it important that we think of these categories of infectious agents?
Q 31.
What are the immunisation programmes available at the nearest health centre in your locality? Which of these diseases are the major health problems in your area?
Q 32.
(i) Which bacterium causes peptic ulcers ?
(ii) Who discovered the above pathogen for the first time ?
Q 33.
Name any four diseases transmitted through vectors.
Q 34.
List any four essential factors that must be taken icare of by an individual for keeping good health.
Q 35.
Why do some children fall ill more frequently than others living in the same locality ?
Q 36.
State any two conditions essential for being free of disease.
Q 37.
Are the answers to the above questions (Q2 and Q5) and necessarily the same or different? Why?
Q 38.
List any two differences between infectious and non-infectious diseases. Write any one example of each disease.
Q 39.
What is an antibiotic ? Give two examples.
Q 40.
Why are antibiotics not effective for viral disease ?
Q 41.
Why making anti-viral medicines is harder than making anti-bacterial medicines ?
Q 42.
What are the different means by which infectious diseases are spread ?
Q 43.
State giving reasons whether the following statements are correct or not:
- Our surrounding area should be free from stagnant water.
- Staying clean is not necessary as long as you eat a balanced diet.
- Social equality and harmony are necessary for good health.
Q 44.
A hefty boy of 12 years often picks fights with others. Do you think he is in good health? If so, then explain your answer.
Q 45.
Write few common signs and symptoms of a disease if a brain is affected.
Q 46.
List the diseases caused by viruses?
Q 47.
What is the scientific name of roundworm? Where do we find it commonly in the human body? Name the disease caused by it.
Q 48.
Define antibiotic? Explain how it is able to control bacterial infections but not viral infections.
Q 49.
What is the alternate name of brain fever? Which vector is responsible for this disease?
Q 50.
A doctor/nurse/health-worker is exposed to more sick people than others in the community. Find out how she/he avoids getting sick herself/himself.
