What are interstitial compounds? Why are such compounds well known for transition metals?
Transition metals form large number of interstitial compounds. They are able to entrap small atoms of elements like H, G, N, B, etc., in their crystal lattice and even can make weak bonds with them. Due to formation of interstitial compounds, their malleability and ductility decreases and tensile . strength increases. Steel and cast iron are hard in comparison to wrought iron due to the presence of trapped carbon atoms in interstitial spaces.
Assertion (A): Cu can not libirate hydrogen from acids .
Reason (R): because it has positive electrode potential.
Although fluorine is more electronegative than oxygen, but the ability of oxygen to stabilize higher oxidation states exceeds that of fluorine. Why?
While filling up of electrons in the atomic orbitals, the 4s orbital is filled before the 3d-orbital but reverse happens during the ionization of the atom. Explain why?
Actinoid contraction is greater from element to element than lanthanoid contraction. Why?
What may be the stable oxidation state of the transition element with the following delectron configurations in the ground state of their atoms: 3d3,3d5, 3d8 and 3d4?
A solution of KMnO4 on reduction yields either a colourless solution or a brown precipitate or a green solution depending on pH of the solution. What different stages of the reduction do these represent and how are they carried out?
Which is the last element in the series of the actinoids? Write the electronic configuration of this element. Comment on the possible oxidation state of this element
While filling up of electrons in the atomic orbitals, the 4s orbital is filled before the 3d-orbital but reverse happens during the ionization of the atom. Explain why?
Comment on the statement that elements of the first transition series possess many properties different from those of heavier transition elements.
Generally, transition-elements and their salts are coloured due to the presence of unpaired electrons in metal ions. Which of the following compounds are coloured?
(a) kMnO4 (b) Ce(SO4)2 (c) TiCl4 (d) Cu2Cl2
Although +3 is the characteristic oxidation state for lanthanoids but cerium
also shows +4 oxidation state because
(a) it has variable ionization enthalpy
(b) it has a tendency to attain noble gas configuration
(c) it has a tendency to attain f ° configuration
(d) it resembles Pb4+
In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of Reason (R) is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices:
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is not true but the Reason is true.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Assertion (A): Cu2+ iodide is not known.
Reason (R): Cu2+ oxidises I to iodine.
Assertion (A): The highest oxidation state of osmium is +8.
Reason (R): Osmium is a 5d-block element.
When a chromite ore (A) is fused with sodium carbonate in free excess of air and the product is dissolved in water, a yellow solution of compound (B) is obtained. After treatment of this yellow solution with sulphuric acid, compound (C) can be crystallized from the solution. When compound (C) is treated with KCl, orange crystals of compound (D) crystallise out. Identify A to D and also explain the reactions.
When an oxide of manganese (A) is fused with KOH in the presence of an oxidizing agent and dissolved in water, it gives a dark green solution of compound (B). Compound (B) disproportionates in neutral or acidic solution to give purple compound (C). An alkaline solution of compound (C) oxidises potassium iodide solution to a compound (D) and compound (A) is also formed. Identify compounds A to D and also explain the reactions involved.
Describe the oxidising action of potassium dichromate and write the ionic equations for its reaction with:
(i) iodide
(ii) iron (II) solution and
(iii) H2S
Indicate the steps in the preparation of:
(i) K2Cr207from chromite ore
(ii) KMn04 from pyrolusite ore.
Gadolinium belongs to 4f series. Its atomic number is 64. Which of the following is the correct electronic configuration of gadolinium?
Although Zr belongs to 4d and Hf belongs to 5d transition series but it is quite difficult to separate them. Why?
How would you account for the irregular variation of ionisation enthalpies (first and second) in the first series of the transition elements?
Compare the stability of +2 oxidation state for the elements of the first transition series.
KMnO4 acts as an oxidizing agent in acidic medium. The number of moles of KMn04 that will be needed to react with one mole of sulphide ions in acidic solution is
Although +3 oxidation states is the characteristic oxidation state of lanthanoids but cerium shows +4 oxidation state also. Why?
Mention the type of compounds formed when small atoms like H, C and N get trapped inside the crystal lattice of transition metals. Also give physical and chemical characteristics of these compounds.
A violet compound of manganese (A) decomposes on heating to liberate oxygen and compounds (B) and (C) of manganese are formed. Compound (C) reacts with KOH in the presence of potassium nitrate to give compound (B). On heating compound (C) with cone. H2SO4 and NaCl, chlorine gas is liberated and a compound (D) of manganese along with other products is formed. Identify compounds A to D and also explain the reactions involved.
Silver atom has completely filled d orbitals (4d10) in its ground state. How can you say that it is a transition element?
Explain why does colour of KMnO4 disappear when oxalic acid is added to its solution in acidic medium?
Assertion (A): Actinoids form relatively less stable complexes as compared to lanthanoids.
Reason (R): Actinoids can utilize their 5d orbitals along with 6d orbitals in bonding but lanthanoids do not use their 4f orbital for bonding.
In the series Sc (Z = 21) to Zn (Z = 30), the enthalpy of atomisation of zinc is the lowest, i.e., 126 kJ mol-1 . Why?
Which of the 3d series of the transition metals exhibits the largest number of oxidation states and why?
Write down the electronic configuration of (i) Cr3+ (ii) Pm3+ (iii) Cu+ (iv) Ce4+(v) Co2+ (vi) Lu2+(vii) Mn2+ (viii) Th4+.
What is meant by disproportionation? Give two examples of disproportionation reaction in aqueous solution.
Which metal in the first series of transition metals exhibits + 1 oxidation state most frequently and why?
Calculate the number of unpaired electrons in the following gaseous ions : Mn3+, Cr3+, V3+ and Ti3+. Which one of these is the most stable in aqueous solution.
When KMnO4 solution is added to oxalic acid solution, the decolourisation is slow in the beginning but becomes instantaneous after some time because
(a) CO2 is formed as the product (b) Reaction is exothermic
(c) Mn04 catalyses the reaction (d) Mn2+ acts as autocatalyst
Which of the following lanthanoids show +2 oxidation state besides the characteristic oxidation state +3 of lanthanoids?
(a) Ce (b) Eu (c) Yb (d) Ho
When a brown compound of manganese
(A) is treated with HCl, it gives a gas
(B) The gas taken in excess, reacts with NH3 to give an explosive compound
(C) Identify compounds A, B and C.
(a) Transition metals can act as catalysts because these can change their oxidation state.
How does Fe(III) catalyse the reaction between iodide and persulphate ions?
(b) Mention any three processes where transition metals act as catalysts.
What are interstitial compounds? Why are such compounds well known for transition metals?
