Write the drawbacks in Mendeleev's periodic table that led to its modification.
Drawbacks of Mendeleev's periodic table:
1. Position of hydrogen: Hydrogen is placed in group I. However, it resembles the elements of group I (alkali metals) as well as the elements of group VILA, (halogens). Therefore, the position of hydrogen in the periodic table is not correctly defined.
2. Anomalous pairs: In certain pairs of elements, the increasing order of atomic masses was not obeyed. In these cases, Mendeleev placed elements according to similarities in their properties and not in increasing order of their atomic masses. For example, argon (Ar, atomic mass 39.9) is placed before potassium (K, atomic mass 39.1). Similarly, cobalt (Co, atomic mass 58.9) is placed before nickel (Ni, atomic mass 58.6) and tellurium (Te, atomic mass 127.6) is placed before iodine (I, atomic mass 126.9). These positions were not justified.
3. Position of isotopes: Isotopes are the atoms of the same element having different atomic masses but same atomic number. Therefore, according to Mendeleev's classification, these should be placed at different places depending upon their atomic masses. For example, isotopes of hydrogen with atomic masses 1,2 and 3 should be placed at three places. However, isotopes have not been given separate places in the periodic table.
4. Some similar elements are separated and dissimilar elements are grouped together: In the Mendeleev's periodic table, some similar elements were placed in different groups while some dissimilar elements
had been grouped together. For example, copper and mercury resembled
in their properties but they had been placed in different groups. At the same time, elements of group IA such as Li, Na and K were grouped with copper (Cu), silver (Ag) and gold (Au), though their properties are quite different.
5. Cause of periodicity: Mendeleev did not explain the cause of periodicity among the elements.
6. Position of lanthanoids (or lanthanides) and actinoids (or actinides):
The fourteen elements following lanthanum (known as lanthanoids, from atomic number 58-71) and the fourteen elements following actinium (known as actinoids, from atomic number 90 – 103) have not been given separate places in Mendeleev's table.
In order to cover more elements, Mendeleev modified his periodic table.
Give reasons:
(i) IE1 of sodium is lower than that of magnesium whereas IE2 of sodium is higher than that of magnesium.
(ii) Noble gases have positive value of electron gain enthalpy.
(a) How does atomic radius vary in group in the periodic table?
(b) Explain
(i) Radius of cation is less than that of the atom.
(ii) Radius of anion is more than that of the atom.
(iii) In iso-electronic ion, the ionic radii decreases with increase in atomic number.
Among the elements B, Al, C and Si,
(a) which element has the highest first ionization enthalpy
(b) which element has the most metallic character?
Justify your answer in each case.
What is basic difference between the terms electron gain enthalpy and electro negativity?
In which of the following options order of arrangement does not agree with the variation of property indicated against it?
(a) Al3+ < Mg2+ < Na+ < F– (increasing ionic size)
(b) B < C < N < O (increasing first ionization enthalpy)
(c) I < Br < Cl < F (increasing electron gain enthalpy)
(d) Li < Na < K < Rb (increasing metallic radius)
What is the cause of periodicity in properties of the elements? Explain with two examples.
The first ionization enthalpies of Na, Mg, A1 and Si are in the order
(a) Na < Mg > A1 < Si
(b) Na>Mg>Al>Si
(c) Na < Mg < A1 < Si
(d) Na > Mg > A1 < Si
Which of the above elements is likely to be:
(a) the least reactive element (b) the most reactive metal
(c) the most reactive non-metal (d) the least reactive non-metal
(e) the metal which can form a stable binary halide of the formula MX2(X = halogen)
(f) the metal which can form a predominantly stable covalent halide of the formula MX (X = halogen)?
Which of the following sequences contain atomic numbers of only representative elements?
(a) 3, 33, 53, 87
(b) 2, 10, 22, 36
(c) 7, 17,25,37,48
(d) 9,35,51,88
Explain the deviation in ionization enthalpy of some elements from the general trend by using the given figure.
Name different blocks of elements in the periodic table. Give general electronic configuration of each block.
Discuss the main features of long form of the periodic table. What are the advantages of long . form of periodic table?
The first ionisation enthalpy of magnesium is higher than that of sodium. On the other hand, the second ionisation enthalpy of sodium is very much higher than that of magnesium. Explain.
p-Block elements form acidic, basic and amphoteric oxides. Explain each property by giving two examples and also write the reactions of these oxides with water.
Would you expect the second electron gain enthalpy of O as positive, more negative or less negative than the first? Justify your answer.
Discuss the main characteristics of four blocks of elements in the periodic table? Give their general electronic configuration.
An element belongs to 3rd period and group-13 of the periodic table. Which of the following properties will be shown by the element?
(a) Good conductor of electricity
(b) Liquid, metallic
(c) Solid, metallic
(d) Solid, non metallic
All transition elements are d-block elements, but all d-block elements are not transition elements. Explain.
Electronic configurations of some elements are given in column I and their electron gain enthalpies are given in column II. Match the electronic configuration with electron gain enthalpy.
|
Column I (Electronic configuration) |
Column II ' (Electron gain enthalpy/kJ moL-1 |
| (i) 1s2 2s2 2p6 | A. -53 |
| (ii) ls22s22p63sl | B. -328 |
| (iii) ls22s22p5 | C. -141 |
| (iv) 1s2 2S2 2p4 | D. +48 |
Write down the outermost electronic configuration of alkali metals. How will you justify their placement in group 1 of the periodic table?
What do you understand by isoelectronic species? Name a species that tvill be iso electronic with each of the following atoms or ions.
(i) F–(ii) Ar (iii) Mg2+(iv) Rb+
Among the second period elements, the actual ionization enthalpies are in the order: Li
(i) Be has higher ∆iH1than B ?
(ii) O has lower ∆iH1 than N and F?
Considering the elements F, Cl, O and N, the correct order of their chemical reactivity in terms of oxidising property is:
(a) F > Cl> O > N (b) F > O > Cl> N (c) Cl> F > O > N (d) O > F > N > Cl
Define electron gain enthalpy. What are its units? Discuss the factors which influence the electron gain enthalpy.
Electronic configurations of four elements A, B, C and D are given below:
(A) 1s2 2s12p6
(B) 1 s2 2s2 2p4
(C) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
(D) Is2 2s2 2p5
Which of the following is the correct order of increasing tendency to gain electron?
(a) A < C < B < D
(b) A < B < C < D
(c) D < B < C < A
(d) D < A< B < C
Illustrate by taking examples of transition elements and non-transition elements that oxidation states of elements are largely based on electronic configuration.
Considering the elements B, Al, Mg and K, the correct order of their metallic character is:(a) B> Al> Mg > K(b) Al> Mg > B> K (c) Mg > Al> K> B (d) K> Mg > Al> B
Explain why chlorine can be converted into chloride ion more easily as compared to fluoride ion from fluorine ?
Show by a chemical reaction with water that Na20 is a basic oxide and Cl207 is an acidic oxide.
What do you understand by ‘Representative elements’? Name the groups whose elements are called representative elements.
Arrange the following as stated: (i) N2, 02, F2, Cl2(Increasing order of bond dissociation energy) (ii) F, Cl, Br, I (Increasing order of electron gain enthalpy) (iii) F2, N2, Cl2, O2(Increasing order of bond length).
Explain why the electron gain enthalpy of fluorine is less negative than that of chlorine.
How would you explain the fact that first ionization enthalpy of sodium is lower than that of magnesium but its second ionization enthalpy is higher than that of magnesium?
Explain the following:
(a) Electronegativity of elements increases on moving from left to right in the periodic table.
(b) Ionisation enthalpy decreases in a group from top to bottom.
Match the correct atomic radius with the element.
| Column I (Element) | Column II (Atomic radius (pm) |
| Be | 74 |
| C | 88 |
| 0 | 111 |
| B | 77 |
| N | 66 |
Justify the given statement with suitable examples "the properties of the elements are a periodic function of their atomic numbers".
Which important property did Mendeleev use to classify the elements in this periodic table and did he stick to that?