Illustrate by taking examples of transition elements and non-transition elements that oxidation states of elements are largely based on electronic configuration.
The oxidation state of an element is based on its electronic configuration. The various oxidation states of a transition metal are due to the involvement of (n-1)d and outer ns electrons in bonding.
For example, Ti (22, electronic configuration [Ar]3d24s2) can show three oxidation states (+2, +3 and +4) in various compounds like Ti02 (+4), Ti203 (+3) and TiO (+2).
The non-transition elements, mainly thep-block elements can show a number of oxidation states from +n to (n – 8) where, n is the number of electrons present in the outermost shell. For example, phosphorus can show -3, +3 and +5 oxidation states.
Lower oxidation states are ionic as the atom accepts the electron or electrons to achieve stable configuration while higher oxidation states are achieved by unpairing the paired electrons and shifting the electrons to vacant d-orbital.
Give reasons:
(i) IE1 of sodium is lower than that of magnesium whereas IE2 of sodium is higher than that of magnesium.
(ii) Noble gases have positive value of electron gain enthalpy.
All transition elements are d-block elements, but all d-block elements are not transition elements. Explain.
What are the various factors due to which the ionization enthalpy of the main group elements tends to decrease down the group?
An element belongs to 3rd period and group-13 of the periodic table. Which of the following properties will be shown by the element?
(a) Good conductor of electricity
(b) Liquid, metallic
(c) Solid, metallic
(d) Solid, non metallic
Explain the deviation in ionization enthalpy of some elements from the general trend by using the given figure.
Consider the following species:
N3-, O2-, F–, Na+, Mg2+, Al3+
(a) What is common in them?
(b) Arrange them in order of increasing ionic radii?
Use periodic table to answer the following questions:
(a) Identify the element with five electrons in the outer subshell.
(b) Identify the element that would tend to lose two electrons.
(c) Identify the element that would tend to gain two electrons.
What do you understand by ‘Representative elements’? Name the groups whose elements are called representative elements.
Which important property did Mendeleev use to classify the elements in this periodic table and did he stick to that?
Discuss the main features of long form of the periodic table. What are the advantages of long . form of periodic table?
Which of the following elements can show covalency greater than 4?
(a) Be (b) P (c) S (d) B
Explain the following:
(a) Electronegativity of elements increases on moving from left to right in the periodic table.
(b) Ionisation enthalpy decreases in a group from top to bottom.
Which of the above elements is likely to be:
(a) the least reactive element (b) the most reactive metal
(c) the most reactive non-metal (d) the least reactive non-metal
(e) the metal which can form a stable binary halide of the formula MX2(X = halogen)
(f) the metal which can form a predominantly stable covalent halide of the formula MX (X = halogen)?
Nitrogen has positive electron gain enthalpy whereas oxygen has negative. However, oxygen has lower ionization enthalpy than nitrogen explain.
What do you understand by exothermic reaction and endothermic reaction? Give one example of each type.
The first ionization enthalpy values (in kJ mol -1) of group 13 elements are:
B Al Ga In Tl
801 577 579 558 589
How would you explain this deviation from the general trend?
Would you expect the second electron gain enthalpy of O as positive, more negative or less negative than the first? Justify your answer.
Those elements impart colour to the flame on heating in it, the atoms of which require low energy for the ionization (i.e., absorb energy in the visible region of spectrum). The elements of which of the following groups will impart colour to the flame?
(a) 2 (b) 13 (c) 1 (d) 17
Which of the following sequences contain atomic numbers of only representative elements?
(a) 3, 33, 53, 87
(b) 2, 10, 22, 36
(c) 7, 17,25,37,48
(d) 9,35,51,88
Match the correct atomic radius with the element.
| Column I (Element) | Column II (Atomic radius (pm) |
| Be | 74 |
| C | 88 |
| 0 | 111 |
| B | 77 |
| N | 66 |
How would you explain the fact that the first ionization enthalpy of sodium is lower than that of magnesium but its second ionization enthalpy is higher than that of magnesium?
What is basic difference between the terms electron gain enthalpy and electro negativity?
Define the term ionization enthalpy? How does it vary along a period and along a group?
Arrange the following as stated: (i) N2, 02, F2, Cl2(Increasing order of bond dissociation energy) (ii) F, Cl, Br, I (Increasing order of electron gain enthalpy) (iii) F2, N2, Cl2, O2(Increasing order of bond length).
Which of the following statements are correct?
(a) Helium has the highest first ionization enthalpy in the periodic table.
(b) Chlorine has less negative electron gain enthalpy than fluorine.
(c) Mercury and bromine are liquids at room temperature.
(d) In any period, atomic radius of alkali metal is the highest.
Which of the following have no unit?
(a) Electronegativity (b) Electron gain enthalpy
(c) Ionisation enthalpy (d) Metallic character
Ionisation enthalpies of elements of second period are given below:
Ionisation enthalpy/kJ mol-1: 520, 899, 801, 1086, 1402, 1314, 1681, 2080. Match the correct enthalpy with the elements and complete the graph given in figure. Also write symbols of elements with their atomic number.
First member of each group of representative elements (i.e., s and p-block elements) shows anomalous behaviour. Illustrate with two examples.
p-Block elements form acidic, basic and amphoteric oxides. Explain each property by giving two examples and also write the reactions of these oxides with water.
Write down the outermost electronic configuration of alkali metals. How will you justify their placement in group 1 of the periodic table?
Discuss and compare the trend in ionization enthalpy of the elements of group 1 with those of group 17 elements.
On the basis of quantum numbers, justify that the sixth period of the periodic table should have 32 elements.
Which of the following pairs of elements would have a move negative electron gain enthalpy? (i) O or F (ii) F or Cl.
Would you expect the first ionization enthalpies of two isotopes of the same element to be the same or different? Justify your answer.
The increasing order of reactivity among group 1 elements is Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs whereas that of group 17 is F > Cl > Br > I. Explain?
