Briefly describe the following:
(a) Anaemia
(b) Angina pectoris
(c) Atherosclerosis
(d) Hypertension
(e) Heart failure
(f) Erythroblastosis foetalis
(a) Anaemia – It is due to the less amount, of haemoglobin. It may be caused by loss of blood (haemorrhage), destruction of RBCs (haemolysis or faulty formation of blood).
(b) Angina pectoris – It is also called angina. It causes chest pain. In this disease enough oxygen does not reach the heart muscles and the patient experiences heart pain usually in front of the chest. It is more common among the middle aged and elderly people.
(c) Atherosclerosis or Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) – It refers to the deposition of fatty substances specially cholesterol and triglycerides in the tunica interna and smooth muscles of medium sized and large arteries which results in plaque formation, which deform the arterial wall. Gradually these plaques grow and as a result, the lumen of the artery decreases and the flow of the blood is reduced. In extreme cases these plaques may block the artery completely. This may result in heart attack or stroke.
(d) Hypertension (High blood pressure)- It is the common disease affecting heart and blood vessels. A blood pressure of 120/80 is considered normal, but the increase in blood pressure beyond 140 mm Hg (systolic) and 90 mm Hg (diastolic) is called high blood pressure (hypertension). High blood pressure can harm heart, brain, kidneys and eyes. Hypertension can be due to mental stress, tobacco smoking, intake of diet having high cholesterol.
(e) Heart failure – It is the state of heart when it does not pump blood effectively enough to meet the need of the body. Congestion of lungs is one of the main symptoms of this disease. Heart failure is not the same as cardiac arrest (when the heart stops beating) or a heart attack (when the heart muscle is suddenly damaged by inadequate blood supply).
(f) Erythroblastosis foetalis – It is the destruction of foetal erythrocytes in pregnancy resulting from Rh+ male and Rh" female where foetus blood is Rh+, resulting in formation of anti Rh antibodies in maternal blood.
Given below are the abnormal conditions related to blood circulation. Name the disorders.
(a) Acute chest pain due to failure of 02 supply to heart muscles
(b) Increased systolic pressure
State the functions of the following in blood
(a) Fibrinogen
(b) Globulin
(c) Neutrophils
(d) Lymphocytes
Complete the missing word in the statement given below:
(a) Plasma without_______factors is called serum.
(b) _______and monocytes are phagocytic cells.
(c) Eosinophils are associated with reactions.
(d)_______ions play a significant role in clotting.
(e) One can determine the heart beat rate by counting the number of_______in an ECG.
Match Column I with Column II.
Column I Column II
(a) Eosinophils (i) Coagulation
(b) RBC (ii) Universal recipient
(c) AB Group (iii) Resist infections
(d) Platelets (iv) Contraction of heart
(e) Systol (v) Gas transport
Answer the following:
(a) Name the major formed. Which part of heart is responsible for initiating and maintaining its rhythmic activity? What is specific in the heart of crocodiles among reptilians?
Explain the advantage of the complete partition of ventricle among birds and mammals and hence leading to double circulation.
Briefly describe the following:
(a) Anaemia
(b) Angina pectoris
(c) Atherosclerosis
(d) Hypertension
(e) Heart failure
(f) Erythroblastosis foetalis
What is the significance of atrio-ventricular node and atrio-ventricular bundle in the functioning of heart?
How will you interpret an electrocardiogram (ECG) in which time taken in QRS complex is higher?
Name the components of the formed elements in the blood and mention one major function of each of them.
Define the following terms and give their location.
(a) Purkinje fibre
(b) Bundle of His
In the diagrammatic presentation of heart given below, mark and label, SAN, AVN, bundle of His and Purkinje fibres.
What is the significance of time gap in the passage of action potential from sino-atrial node to the ventricle?
Given below is the diagrammatic represen-tation of a standard ECG. Label its different peaks.
Write the differences between:
(a) Blood and lymph
(b) Open and closed system of circulation
(c) Systole and diastole
(d) P-wave and T-wave
Differentiate between
(a) Blood and lymph
(b) Basophils and Eosinophils
(c) Tricuspid and bicuspid valve
Write the features that distinguish between the two
(a) Plasma and Serum
(b) Open and closed circulatory system
(c) Sino-atrial node and Atrio-ventricular