Explain a process in which a biocatalyst is used in industrial preparation of a compound known to you.
Biocatalysts are complex organic compounds which act as catalysts in reaction taking place in living organism. These biocatalysts (enzymes) are used in the manufacture of ethanol.
Ethanol from sugar solution (molasses):
Molasses is a non-crystalline form of sugar obtained as the mother liquor after crystallisation of sugar from sugar solution. This contains about 50% sugar. It is diluted to about 10% solution and yeast is added and kept for about 2-3 days. Yeast supplies the enzymes invertase and zymase. The enzyme invertase hydrolyses sucrose to glucose and fructose. The enzyme zymase (found in yeast) converts glucose and fructose to ethanol.
In wine making, grapes are the source of sugars and yeast. As grapes ripen, the quantity of sugar increases and the yeast grows on the skin of the grapes. When the grapes are crushed, sugar and enzyme come in contact and fermentation starts. Fermentation takes place under anaerobic conditions (i.e., in the absence of air). During fermentation CO2 is released.
The action of enzyme is inhibited when the concentration of alcohol exceeds 14%. If air enters the fermentation mixture, the O2 of the air oxidised ethanol to ethanoic acid which spoils the taste of alcoholic drinks and makes it sour.
Give equations of the following reactions:
(i)Oxidation of propan-l-ol with alkaline KMnO4 solution.
(ii)Bromine in CS2 with phenol.
(iii)Dilute HNO3 acid with phehoL
(iv)Treating phenol with chloroform in presence of aqueous NaOH.
Assertion (A): o-Nitrophenol is less soluble in water than the m- and p-isomers.
Reason (R): m-Nitrophenol and p-Nitrophenol exists as associated molecules.
Assertion (A): Ethanol is a weaker acid than phenol.
Reason (R): Sodium ethoxide may be prepared by the reaction of ethanol with aqueous NaOH.
Explain why alcohols and ethers of comparable molecular mass have different boiling points.
Explain the following with an example
(i) Kolbe's reaction (ii) Reimer – Tiemann reaction –
(iii) Williamson ether synthesis (iv) Unsymmetrical ether
How is 1-propoxypropane synthesised from propan-l-ol? Write the mechanism of this reaction.
Assertion (A): Bond angle in ethers is slightly less than the tetrahedral angle. Reason (R): There is a repulsion between the two bulky (-R) groups.
Assertion (A): Phenols give o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol on nitration with cone. HNO3 and H2SO4 mixture.
Reason (R): -OH group in phenol is o-,p-directing.
Predict the major product of acid catalysed dehydration of
(i) 1-nicthylcyclohcxanoland
(ii) butan-1-ol
Write structures of the compounds whose IUPAC names are as follows:
(i)2-Methylbutan-2-ol
(ii)l-Phcnylpropan-2-ol
(iii)3,5-DimethyIhexane-l,3,5-triol
(iv)2,3-Dicthylphenol
(v)1-Ethoxypropane
(vi)2-Ethoxy-3-methylpentane
(vii) Cyclohexylmethanol
(viii) 3-Cyclohexylpcntan-3-ol
(ix)Cyclopcnt-3-en-l-ol
(x)4-ChIoro-3-ethylbutan-l-ol
Name the enzymes and write the reactions involved in the preparation of ethanol from sucrose by fermentation.
Write the structures of the isomers of alcohols with molecular formula C4H10O. Which one of these isomers exhibits optical activity?
Assertion (A): IUPAC name of the compound
Reason (R): In IUPAC nomenclature, ether is regarded as hydrocarbon derivative in which a hydrogen atom is replaced by -OR or -OAr group [where R = alkyl group and Ar = aryl group]
Which of the following is an appropriate set of reactants for the preparation of l-methoxy-4- nitrobenzene and why?
Preparation of ethers by acid dehydration of secondary or tertiary alcohols is not a suitable method.Give reason.
Preparation of alcohols from alkenes involves the electrophilic attack on alkene carbon atom. Explain its mechanism.
Assertion (A): Boiling points of alcohols and ethers are high.
Reason (R): They can form intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
Write the names of reagents and equations for the preparation of the following ethers by Williamson's synthesis:
(i)1-Propoxypropane
(ii)Ethoxybenzene
(iii)2-Methoxy-2-methylpropane
(iv)1-Methoxyethane
Phenol can be distinguished from ethanol by the reactions with ………….
(a) Br2/water (b) Na
(c) Neutral FeCl3 (d) All of these
Explain why is OH group in phenols more strongly held as compared to OH group in alcohols.
Why is the reactivity of all three classes of alcohols with cone. HCl and ZnCl2 (Lucas reagent) different?
In Kolbe's reaction, instead of phenol, phenoxide ion is treated with carbon dioxide. Why?
Give structures of the products you would expect when each of the following alcohol reacts with (a)HCl-ZnCl2 (b)HBrand (c) SOCl2
(i)Butan-1-ol
(ii)2-Methylbutan-2-ol
Write the reactions of Williamson synthesis of 2-ethoxy-3-methylpentane starting from ethanol and 3-methylpentan-2-ol.
Alcohols are comparatively more soluble in water than hydrocarbons of comparable molecular masses. Explain this fact.
While separating a mixture of ortho and para nitrophenols by steam distillation, name the isomer which will be steam volatile. Give reason.
