Explain the role of neural system in regulation of respiration.
Neural system plays a significant role in maintaining and moderating the respiratory rhythm. Medulla oblongata has a specialised centre called respiratory rhythm centre, that regulates the respiration. The functions of the respiratory rhythm centre are controlled by another centre present in the pons varolii, called pheumotaxic centre. Neural signals from this centre can reduce the duration of inspiration and thereby alter the respiratory rate. Adjacent to the rhythm centre is situated a chemosensitive area which is highly sensitive to CO2 and H+ ions. Increase in these substances can activate this centre, which in turn can signal the rhythm centre to make necessary adjustments in the respiratory process by which these substances can be eliminated. Receptors present on aortic arch and carotid artery also can recognize changes in CO2 and H+ concentration and send necessary signals to the rhythm centre for remedial actions.
For completion of respiration process, write the given steps in sequential manner.
(a) Diffusion of gases (O2 and CO2) across alveolar membrane.
(b) Transport of gases by blood.
(c) Utilisation of O2 by the cells for catabolic reactions and resultant release of CO2 .
(d) Pulmonary ventilation by which atmos-pheric air is drawn in and C02 rich alveolar air is released out.
(e) Diffusion of 02 and CO2 between blood and tissues.
What will be the p02 and pCO2 in the atmospheric air compared to those in the alveolar air?
(i) pO2 lesser, pCO2 higher
(ii) pO2 higher, pCO2 lesser
(iii) pO2 higher, pCO2 higher
(iv) pO2 lesser, pCO2 lesser
What is tidal volume? Find out the tidal volume (approximate value) for a healthy human in an hour.
Diffusion of gases occurs in the alveolar region only and not in the other parts of respiratory system. Why?
Have you heard about hypoxia? Try to gather information about it, and discuss with your friends.
Complete the missing terms
(a) Inspiratory Capacity (1C)=_____+IRV
(b)_____= TV + ERV
(c) Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) = ERV +_____
Arrange the following terms based on their volumes in an ascending order:
(a) Tidal Volume (TV)
(b) Residual Volume (RV)
(c) Inspiratory Reserve Volume (1RV)
(d) Expiratory Capacity (EC).
Name the organs of respiration in the following organisms:
(a) Flatworm ____________
(b) Birds ____________
(c) Frog____________
(d) Cockroach____________
Compared to O2 , diffusion rate of CO2 through the diffusion membrane, unit difference in partial pressure is much higher. Explain.
Match the following and mark the correct options
Animal Respiratory Organ
A.Earthworm (i)Moist cuticle
B.Aquatic Arthropods (ii)Gills
C.Fishes (iii)Lungs
D.Birds/Reptiles (iv)Trachea
(a) A-(ii), B-(i), C-(iv), D-(iii)
(b) A-(i), B-(iv), C-(ii), D-(iii)
(c) A-(i), B-(iii), C-(ii), D-(iv)
(d) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iv), D-(iii)
Name the important parts involved in creating a pressure gradient between lungs and the atmosphere during normal respiration.
A major percentage (97%) of O2 is transported by RBCs in the blood. How is the remaining percentage (3%) of O2 transported?
Arrange the following terms based on their volumes in an ascending order:
(a) Tidal Volume (TV)
(b) Residual Volume (RV)
(c) Inspiratory Reserve Volume (1RV)
(d) Expiratory Capacity (EC).
The oxygen – haemoglobin dissociation curve will show a right shift in case of ,
(a) High pCO2 (b) High pO2
(c) Low pCO2 (d) Less H+ concentration.
Define oxygen dissociation curve. Can you suggest any reason for its sigmoidal pattern?
What is the amount of O2 supplied to tissues through every 100 mL of oxygenated blood under normal physiological conditions?
A fluid filled double membranous layer surrounds the lungs. Name it and mention its important function.
Distinguish between
(a) IRV and ERV
(b) Inspiratory capacity and expiratory capacity.
(c) Vital capacity and total lung capacity.
Differentiate between
(a) Inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume
(b) Vital capacity and total lung capacity
(c) Emphysema and occupational respiratory disorder.