Simply, greater the degradation less is the activation value of winning units.

If fuzzy logic is incorporated into conventional ANN models, more powerful systems can be created.

Invariances have to be dynamically estimated from data.

Its is the most direct and multilayer feedforward networks became popular because of this.

For example neural network for contract bridge game.

Wall folloing is a simple task and doesn’t require any feedback.

Because different parts of handwritten characters are deformed differently.

Optimization be applied in images by use of simulated annealing to formulate the problem as energy minimization problem.

Associative memory, if used in feedback structure of hopfield type can function as content addressable memory.

The objective of associative memories is to store association between patterns for later recall of one of patterns given the other, so noisy versions of the same image can be recalled.