Continuous phase modulation is an important signalling technique because of their bandwidth efficiency. Bandwidth efficiency is obtained by increasing the smoothness of the signal.

In PLL, when the phase jitter and phase noise increases by 2, the phase variance increases by 4 than that of the original signal.

Closed loop synchronizers are more accurate, but they are much more complex and costly.

A VCO is an oscillator whose output frequency is a linear function of its input voltage over some range of input and output.

The main operation of the edge detector is differentiation and rectification by the use of square law detector.

Most of the PLL designs have second order loop as they can be made unconditionally stable.

The sweep rate must not be too large, or the loop will be driven through the lock point so fast that it will fail to acquire.

Acquisition is accomplished by external signal or circuits or sometimes it might be unaided (self acquisition). This acquisition process is an inherently non linear operation.

Phase locked loops have three basic components – phase detector, loop filter and voltage controlled oscillator. It measures the phase difference between the incoming signal and local replica.

A cyclic slip occurs when the magnitude of the original phase error exceeds 2Ï€ radians.