Question:
What are the postulates of Dalton's atomic theory?
Answer:
Dalton's theory states that matter, whether an element, a compound or a mixture is composed of small particles called atoms.
The postulates are:
- All matter is made of very tiny particles called atoms.
- Atoms are indivisible particles i.e. can neither be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction. (Law of Conservation of mass)
- Atoms of a give element have same mass and identical chemical properties.
- Atoms of different elements have different masses and chemical properties.
- Atoms combine in the ratio of small whole numbers to form compounds. A chemical reaction is a re-arrangement of atoms. (Law of Multiple Proportions)
- The relative number and kinds of atoms are constant in a given compound. (Law of Definite Proportions)
Atoms and Molecules
Q 1.
What is the chemical symbol for iron?
Q 2.
(i) State the law of constant proportions.
(ii) Show that water illustrates the law of constant proportions.
Q 3.
Name one element each which forms diatomic and tetra atomic molecule.
Q 4.
Define 'formula mass' of a compound.
Q 5.
Explain with example that law of conservation of mass is valid for chemical reactions.
Q 6.
Define molecule. What are its important properties?
Q 7.
What is gram-atomic mass of an element?
Q 8.
Fill in the blanks:
One mole of water contains ______________ molecules.
Q 9.
Fill in the blanks:
The atomic mass of sodium is 23. The gram atomic mass of sodium is _________.
Q 10.
Give the names of the elements present in the following compounds.
(a) Quick lime
(b) Hydrogen bromide
(c) Baking powder
(d) Potassium sulphate.
Q 11.
Which postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory is the result of the law of conservation of mass?
Q 12.
Magnesium is two times heavier than C-12 atom, what shall be the mass of Mg atom in terms of atomic mass units? (Given mass of C-12 atom = 12u)
Q 13.
Convert 12 g of oxygen gas into moles.
Q 14.
What is the mass of 5 moles of sodium carbonate (Na
) ?(Atomic masses : Na = 23 u ; C = 12 u ; O = 16 u)
Q 15.
Fill in the blanks:
According to law of definite proportions, in a chemical substance the elements are always present in __________ proportions by mass.
Q 16.
Fill in the blanks:
The chemical symbol of flourine is ________.
Q 17.
What are ionic compounds?
Q 18.
Name one element which forms diatomic and triatomic molecule.
Q 19.
What is the mass of
(a) 1 mole of nitrogen atoms?
(b) 4 moles of aluminium atoms (Atomic mass of aluminium = 27)?
(c) 10 moles of sodium sulphite (Na
2SO
3)?
Q 20.
How many atoms are there in 0.25 mole of hydrogen ?
Q 21.
Which postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory can explain the law of definite proportions?
Q 22.
Fill in the blanks:
Atoms can be observed using ____________ Microscope.
Q 23.
What is the atomic mass unit?
Q 24.
What is the molecular mass of a substance?
Q 25.
Which has more number of atoms, 100 grams of sodium or 100 grams of iron (given, atomic mass of Na = 23 u, Fe = 56 u)?
Q 26.
Calculate the number of aluminium ions present in 0.051 g of aluminium oxide.
(
Hint: The mass of an ion is the same as that of an atom of the same element. Atomic mass of Al = 27 u)
Q 27.
Fill in the blanks:
The chemical symbol of mercury is _________.
Q 28.
What is the law of conservation of mass?
Q 29.
How will you define chemical symbol?
Q 30.
Based on type of substance, how molecules are classified?
Q 31.
Give examples of triatomic molecules.
Q 32.
What is gram-molecular mass of a substance?
Q 33.
Convert into moles: (a) 12 g of oxygen gas (b) 20 g of water (c) 22 g of carbon dioxide
Q 34.
Find out number of atoms in 15 moles of He.
Q 35.
What do we call those particles which have more or less electrons than the normal atoms ?
Q 36.
(a) What is meant by the 'molar mass'of a substance ? State the unit in which molar mass usually expressed.
(b) Calulate the molar masses of the following substances. Write the results with proper units
(1) Ozone molecule, O
Q 37.
Who established the two important laws of chemical combinations?
Q 38.
State Law of constant proportions. Explain with an example.
Q 39.
What are the postulates of Dalton's atomic theory?
Q 41.
Write the chemical formulae of the following. Also identify the ions present.
(a) Magnesium chloride
(b) Calcium oxide
(c) Copper nitrate
(d) Aluminium chloride
(e) Calcium carbonate.
Q 42.
Fill in the blanks:
The mass of 5 moles of ammonia (NH
3) is __________.
Q 43.
Fill in the blanks:
The mass of 1 mole of a substance is called its _____________.
Q 44.
Write the chemical symbols of the following:
(i) Gold
(ii) Iron
(iii) Chlorine
(iv) Mercury
Q 45.
Fill in the blanks:
The atomicity of sulphur S
8 is ________.
Q 46.
Calculate the formula unit masses of ZnO, Na
2O, K
2CO
3, given atomic masses of Zn = 65 u, Na = 23 u, K = 39 u, C = 12 u, and O = 16 u.
Q 47.
What is the mass of:
(a) 0.2 mole of oxygen atoms?
(b) 0.5 mole of water molecules?
Q 48.
Calculate the number of molecules of sulphur (S
8) present in 16 g of solid sulphur.
Q 49.
Give one major drawback of Dalton's atomic theory of matter.
Q 50.
Write the formulae of the following compounds. Also name the elements present in them.
(a) Water
(b) Ammonia
(c) Methane
(d) Sulphur dioxide
(f) Ethanol
