Give the characteristic features of the following, citing one example of each:
(a) Chondrichthyes and osteichthyes
(b) Urochordata and cephalochordata
(a) Characteristic features of chondri-chthyes are:
(i) They are mostly marine called poikilothermic animals (i.e., they have the capacity to regulate their body temperature.
(ii)TKey have cartilaginous endoskeleton. Notochord is persistent throughout life.
(iii)Mouth is ventral in position, skin is tough containing minute placoid scales and teeth are modified placoid scales. They have strong jaw and are predaceous by nature.
(iv)Gill slits are generally five pairs and gill cover (operculum) are absent.
(v) Heart is two chambered with one auricle and one ventricle.
(vi)Some of them possess electric organs (e.g., Torpedo) and some possess poison sting (e.g., Trygon).
(vii)They are called ureotelic animals as they secrete urea.
(viii)Sexes are separate and fertilisation is internal.
(ix)Males usually have claspers on pelvic fins, which help in copulation.
(x)Many of them are viviparous.
E.g.r Scoliodon (shark or dog fish), Pristis (saw fish), Trygon (stingray).
Characteristic features of osteichthyes are as follows:
(i) They are found in marine water as well as in freshwater.
(ii) The body is streamlined to facilitate easy movement through water.
(iii) Exoskeleton contains dermal scales like cycloid or ctenoid scales.
(iv) Gills are covered with operculum (gill cover) and are generally four pairs.
(v) Heart is two-chambered with one auricle and one ventricle.
(vi) Air bladders are present. They are the hydrostatic organs.
(vii) These are ammonotelic animals that excrete ammonia.
(viii) Sexes are separate. Fertilisation is usually external, mostly viviparous and development is direct.
E.g., Labeo (rohu), Mrigal (carps), Catla (catla), Hippocampus (sea horse), Exocoetus (flying fish), Remora (sucker fish), Anabas (climbing percfi), Protopterus (African lung fish).
(b) Characteristic features of Urochordata
are:
(i) Urochordates are commonly called Tunicates because adult body is enclosed
in test or tunic.
(ii)The notochord is present only in the tail of the larva and disappears in the adult.
(iii)Adult is sedentary, while larva is motile.
(iv)Nerve cord is found only in the larva. It is replaced by a dorsal ganglion in the adult.
(v)The larva undergoes retrogressive metamorphosis.
Example: Herdmania.
Characteristic features of Cephalochordata
are:
(i) The notochord is present throughout life and extends from the anterior end to the posterior end of the body.
(ii)Both larva and adult are motile.
(iii)Nerve cord is present in both larva and adult.
(iv)The larva undergoes progressive meta-morphosis.
Example: Branchiostoma
Sort out the animals on the basis of their symmetry (radial or bilateral) coelenterates, ctenophores, annelids, arthropods, and echinoderms.
Give one example each for an animal possessing placoid scales and that with cycloid scales.
Write one example each of the following in the space provided.
(a) Cold blooded animal_______
(b) Warm blooded animal_______
(c) Animal possessing dry and cornified skin_______
(d) Dioecious animal_______
There has been an increase in the number of chambers in heart during evolution of vertebrates. Give the names of the class of vertebrates having two, three or four-chambered heart.
There has been an increase in the number of chambers in heart during evolution of vertebrates. Give the names of the class of vertebrates having two, three or four-cham-bered heart.
Match the following.
Animals Locomotory Organ
(a) Octopus (i) Limbs
(b) Crocodile (ii) Comb plates
(c) Catla (iii) Tentacles
(d) Ctenoplana (iv) Fins
Identify the phylum in which adults exhibit radial symmetry and larva exhibit bilateral symmetry.
Match the following list of animals with their level of organization.
| Division of Labour | Animal | ||
| A. | Organ level | (i) | Pheretima |
| B. | Cellular aggregate level | (ii) | Fasciola |
| C. | Tissue level | (iii) | Spongilla |
| D. | Organ system level | (iv) | Obelia |
Choose the correct match showing division of labour with animal example.
Endoparasites are found inside the host body. Mention the special structure, possessed by these and which enables them to survive in those conditions.
Could the number of eggs or young ones produced by an oviparous and viviparous mother be equal? Why?
Match the following and write correct choice in space provided.
| Animal | Characteristics | ||
| a. | Pila | (i) | Jointed appendages |
| b. | Cockroach | (ii) | Perching |
| c. | Asterias | . (iii) | Water vascular system |
| d. | Torpedo | (iv) | Electric organ |
| e. | Parrot | (v) | Presence of shell |
| f. | Dog fish | (vi) | Placoid scales |
Endoparasites are found inside the host body. Mention the special structure, possessed by these and which enables them to survive in those conditions.
Name
(a) A limbless animal
(b) A cold blooded animal
(c) A warm blooded animal
(d) An animal possessing dry and cornified skin
(e) An animal having canal system and spicules
(f) An animal with cnidoblasts
Match the following and write correct choice in space provided
Animal Characteristics
(a) Pila (i) Jointed appendages
(b) Cockroach (ii) Perching
(c) Asterias (iii) Water vascular system
(d) Torpedo (iv) Electric organ
(e) Parrot (v) Presence of shell
(f) Dogfish (vi) Placoidscales
(a)______, (b)______, (c)______, (d)______,
(e)______, (f)______
How useful is the study of the nature of body cavity and coelom in the classification of animals?
Comment upon the habitats and external features of animals belonging to class, amphibia and reptilia.
Match the following:
| a. | Amphibia | (i) | Air bladder |
| b. | Mammals | (ii) | Cartilagenous notochord |
| c. | Chondrichthyes | (hi) | Mammary glands |
| d. | Osteichthyes | (iv) | Pneumatic bones |
| e. | Cyclostomata | (v) | Dual habitat |
| f. | Aves | (vi) | Sucking and circular mouth without jaws |
Match the following
(a) Amphibia (i) Air bladder
(b) Mammals (ii) Cartilaginous notochord
(c) Chondrichthyes (iii) Mammary glands
(d) Osteichthyes (iv) Pneumatic bones
(e) Cyclostomata (v) Dual habitat
(f) Aves (vi) Sucking and circular mouth without jaws.
Mention two similarities between
(a) Aves and mammals
(b) A frog and crocodile
(c) A turtle and Pila
Mention one example each for animals with chitinous exoskeleton and those covered by a calcareous shell.
Fill up the blank spaces appropriately.
|
Phylum/ Class |
Excretory Organ |
Circulatory Organ |
Respiratory Organ |
| Arthropoda | A | B . | Lungs/Gills/ Tracheal System |
| C | Nephridia | Closed | Skin/Parapodia |
| D | Metanephridia | Open | E |
| Amphibia | F | Closed | Lung |
Name
a. A limbless animal ‘
b. A cold blooded animal
c. A warm blooded animal
d. An animal possessing dry and comified skin
e. An animal having canal system and spicules
f. An animal with cnidoblasts
What are the reasons that you can think of for the arthropods to constitute the largest group of the animal kingdom?
Provide appropriate technical term in the space provided.
(a) Blood-filled cavity in arthropods_______
(b) Free-floating form of cnidaria_______
(c) Stinging organ of jelly fishes_______
(d) Lateral appendages in aquatic annelids_______
Give an example for the following:
a. Roundworm
b. Fish possessing poison sting
c. A limbless reptile/amphibian .
d. An oviparous mammal
Differentiate between:
a. Open and closed circulatory system .
b. Oviparity and viviparity
c. Direct and indirect development
d. Aceolomate and pseudocoelomate
e. Notochord and nerve cord
f. Polyp and medusa
Mention two similarities between:
Aves and mammals
A frog and crocodile ‘
A turtle and pila
Give an example for each of the following:
a. A viviparous animal
b. A fish possessing a poison sting
c. A fish possessing an electric organ
d. An organ, which regulates buoyancy
e. Animal, which exhibits alternation of generation
f. Oviparous animal with mammary gland.
Excretory organs of different animals are given below. Choose correctly and write in the space provided.
| Animal | Excetory Organ/Unit | ||
| a. | Balanoglossus | (i) | Metanephridia |
| b. | Leech | (ii) | Nephridia |
| c. | Locust | (iii) | Flame cells |
| d. | Liver fluke | (iv) | Absent |
| e. | Sea urchin | (v) | Malpighian tubule |
| f. | Pila | (vi) | Proboscis gland |
Give three major differences between chordates and non-chordates and draw a schematic sketch of a chordate showing those features.
What are the difficulties that you would face in classification of animals, if common fundamental features are not taken into account?
Give the characteristic features of the following, citing one example of each:
(a) Chondrichthyes and osteichthyes
(b) Urochordata and cephalochordata
Name the animal, which exhibits the phenomenon of bioluminescence. Mention the phylum to which it belongs.
