Why are Mn2+ compounds more stable than Fe2+ towards oxidation to their+3 state?
Electronic configuration of Mn2+ is 3d5. This is a half-filled configuration and hence stable. Therefore, third ionization enthalpy is’very high, i. e., third electron cannot be lost easily. Electronic configuration of Fe2+ is 3d6. It can lose one electron easily to achieve a stable configuration 3d5.
Assertion (A): Cu can not libirate hydrogen from acids .
Reason (R): because it has positive electrode potential.
A solution of KMnO4 on reduction yields either a colourless solution or a brown precipitate or a green solution depending on pH of the solution. What different stages of the reduction do these represent and how are they carried out?
Comment on the statement that elements of the first transition series possess many properties different from those of heavier transition elements.
Which is the last element in the series of the actinoids? Write the electronic configuration of this element. Comment on the possible oxidation state of this element
While filling up of electrons in the atomic orbitals, the 4s orbital is filled before the 3d-orbital but reverse happens during the ionization of the atom. Explain why?
While filling up of electrons in the atomic orbitals, the 4s orbital is filled before the 3d-orbital but reverse happens during the ionization of the atom. Explain why?
For M2+/M and M3+/M2+ systems the E ° values for some metals are as follows:
Cr2+/Cr –> -0.9 V
Mn2+/Mn –> -1.2V
Fe2+/Fe –> -0.4 V
Cr3+/Cr2+ –> -0.4 V
Mn3+/Mn2+ –>+ 1.5V
Fe3+/Fe2+ –>+ 0.8V
(ii) the ease with which iron can be oxidised as compared to a similar process for either chromium or manganese metal.
When an oxide of manganese (A) is fused with KOH in the presence of an oxidizing agent and dissolved in water, it gives a dark green solution of compound (B). Compound (B) disproportionates in neutral or acidic solution to give purple compound (C). An alkaline solution of compound (C) oxidises potassium iodide solution to a compound (D) and compound (A) is also formed. Identify compounds A to D and also explain the reactions involved.
Explain giving reasons:
(i)Transition metals and many of their compounds show paramagnetic behaviour.
(ii)The enthalpies of atomisation of the transition metals are high.
(iii)The transition metals generally form coloured compounds.
(iv)Transition metals and their many compounds act as good catalyst
Calculate the number of unpaired electrons in the following gaseous ions : Mn3+, Cr3+, V3+ and Ti3+. Which one of these is the most stable in aqueous solution.
Which of the following actinoids show oxidation states up to +7?
(a) Am (b) Pu (c) U (d) Np
Although +3 is the characteristic oxidation state for lanthanoids but cerium
also shows +4 oxidation state because
(a) it has variable ionization enthalpy
(b) it has a tendency to attain noble gas configuration
(c) it has a tendency to attain f ° configuration
(d) it resembles Pb4+
(a) Answer the following questions:
(i) Which element of the first transition series has highest second ionization enthalpy?
(ii) Which element of the first transition series has highest third ionization enthalpy?
(iii) Which element of the first transition series has lowest enthalpy of atomization?
(b) Identify the metal and justify your answer:
(i) Carbonyl M(CO)5 (ii) MO3F
Mention the type of compounds formed when small atoms like H, C and N get trapped inside the crystal lattice of transition metals. Also give physical and chemical characteristics of these compounds.
Actinoid contraction is greater from element to element than lanthanoid contraction. Why?
What may be the stable oxidation state of the transition element with the following delectron configurations in the ground state of their atoms: 3d3,3d5, 3d8 and 3d4?
KMnO4 acts as an oxidizing agent in acidic medium. The number of moles of KMn04 that will be needed to react with one mole of sulphide ions in acidic solution is
Although Zr belongs to 4d and Hf belongs to 5d transition series but it is quite difficult to separate them. Why?
Assertion (A): Actinoids form relatively less stable complexes as compared to lanthanoids.
Reason (R): Actinoids can utilize their 5d orbitals along with 6d orbitals in bonding but lanthanoids do not use their 4f orbital for bonding.
Describe the preparation of potassium dichromate from iron chromite ore. What is the effect of increasing pH on a solution of potassium dichromate?
Predict which of the following will be coloured in aqueous solution? Ti3+, V3+,Cu+, Sc3+, Mn2+, Fe3+ and Co2+ Give reasons for each.
What is meant by disproportionation? Give two examples of disproportionation reaction in aqueous solution.
Generally, transition-elements and their salts are coloured due to the presence of unpaired electrons in metal ions. Which of the following compounds are coloured?
(a) kMnO4 (b) Ce(SO4)2 (c) TiCl4 (d) Cu2Cl2
Although fluorine is more electronegative than oxygen, but the ability of oxygen to stabilize higher oxidation states exceeds that of fluorine. Why?
Although +3 oxidation states is the characteristic oxidation state of lanthanoids but cerium shows +4 oxidation state also. Why?
When a chromite ore (A) is fused with sodium carbonate in free excess of air and the product is dissolved in water, a yellow solution of compound (B) is obtained. After treatment of this yellow solution with sulphuric acid, compound (C) can be crystallized from the solution. When compound (C) is treated with KCl, orange crystals of compound (D) crystallise out. Identify A to D and also explain the reactions.
Silver atom has completely filled d orbitals (4d10) in its ground state. How can you say that it is a transition element?
What are the characteristics of the transition . elements and why are they called transition elements? Which of the d-block elements may not be regarded as the transition elements?
In what way is the electronic configuration of the transition elements different from that of the non transition elements?
How would you account for the following:
(i) Of the d4 species, Cr2+ is strongly reducing while manganese (III) is strongly oxidizing.
(ii) Cobalt (II) is stable in aqueous solution but in the presence of complexing reagents it is easily oxidised.
(iii) The d1 configuration is very unstable in ions.
Indicate the steps in the preparation of:
(i) K2Cr207from chromite ore
(ii) KMn04 from pyrolusite ore.
What are inner transition elements? Decide which of the following atomic numbers are the atomic numbers of the inner transition elements: 29,59,74,95,102,104.
Compare the chemistry of actinoids with that of lanthanoids with reference to:
(i) Electronic configuration
(ii) Oxidation states
(iii) Chemical reactivity
Metallic radii of some transition elements are given below. Which of these elements will have highest density?
Gadolinium belongs to 4f series. Its atomic number is 64. Which of the following is the correct electronic configuration of gadolinium?
Transition elements form binary compounds with halogens. Which of the following elements will form MF3 type compounds?
(a) Cr (b) Co (c) Cu (d) Ni
Assertion (A): The highest oxidation state of osmium is +8.
Reason (R): Osmium is a 5d-block element.
A violet compound of manganese (A) decomposes on heating to liberate oxygen and compounds (B) and (C) of manganese are formed. Compound (C) reacts with KOH in the presence of potassium nitrate to give compound (B). On heating compound (C) with cone. H2SO4 and NaCl, chlorine gas is liberated and a compound (D) of manganese along with other products is formed. Identify compounds A to D and also explain the reactions involved.
How would you account for the irregular variation of ionisation enthalpies (first and second) in the first series of the transition elements?
Predict which of the following will be coloured in aqueous solution? Ti3+, V3+,Cu+, Sc3+, Mn2+, Fe3+ and Co2+ Give reasons for each.
